{"id":4258,"date":"2023-04-06T17:05:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-06T14:05:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tuncayilcim.av.tr\/v5\/?p=4258"},"modified":"2026-03-19T14:56:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T11:56:28","slug":"hukuk-muhakemesinde-hile-hata-korkutma-gabin-inancli-islem-kavramlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tuncayilcim.av.tr\/v5\/hukuk-muhakemesinde-hile-hata-korkutma-gabin-inancli-islem-kavramlari\/","title":{"rendered":"TAPU \u0130PTAL ve TESC\u0130L DAVALARINDA “\u0130RADE SAKATLI\u011eI” ; ”H\u0130LE” (Aldatma) – ”HATA” (Yan\u0131lma)- ”KORKUTMA” (\u0130krah)- ”GAB\u0130N” (A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Yararlanma) ve ”\u0130NAN\u00c7LI \u0130\u015eLEM” KAVRAMLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

F. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

I. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 26-<\/span> <\/strong>Taraflar, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcrce belirleyebilirler.<\/p>\n

II. Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 27-<\/span> <\/strong>Kanunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez. Ancak, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olur.<\/p>\n

III. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yararlanma<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 28-<\/span> <\/strong>Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 edimler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k varsa, bu orans\u0131zl\u0131k, zarar g\u00f6renin zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011finden ya da deneyimsizli\u011finden yararlan\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi takdirde, zarar g\u00f6ren, durumun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re ya s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer tarafa bildirerek ediminin geri verilmesini ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak edimler aras\u0131ndaki orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesini isteyebilir. Zarar g\u00f6ren bu hakk\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizlik veya deneyimsizli\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi; zor durumda kalmada ise, bu durumun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l ve her h\u00e2lde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu tarihten ba\u015flayarak be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kullanabilir.<\/p>\n

G. \u0130rade bozukluklar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

I. Yan\u0131lma<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Yan\u0131lman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 30-<\/strong><\/span> S\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken esasl\u0131 yan\u0131lmaya d\u00fc\u015fen taraf, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaz.<\/p>\n

2. Yan\u0131lma h\u00e2lleri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

a. A\u00e7\u0131klamada yan\u0131lma<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 31-<\/strong> <\/span>\u00d6zellikle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da say\u0131lan yan\u0131lma h\u00e2lleri esasl\u0131d\u0131r:
\n1. Yan\u0131lan, kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden ba\u015fka bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7in iradesini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015fsa.
\n2. Yan\u0131lan, istedi\u011finden ba\u015fka bir konu i\u00e7in iradesini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015fsa.
\n3. Yan\u0131lan, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma iradesini, ger\u00e7ekte s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmak istedi\u011fi ki\u015fiden ba\u015fkas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015fsa.
\n4. Yan\u0131lan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yaparken belirli nitelikleri olan bir ki\u015fiyi dikkate almas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fi i\u00e7in iradesini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015fsa.
\n5. Yan\u0131lan, ger\u00e7ekte \u00fcstlenmek istedi\u011finden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde fazla bir edim i\u00e7in veya ger\u00e7ekte istedi\u011finden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde az bir kar\u015f\u0131 edim i\u00e7in iradesini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015fsa.
\nBasit hesap yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez; bunlar\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi ile yetinilir.<\/p>\n

b. Saikte yan\u0131lma<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 32-<\/strong><\/span> Saikte yan\u0131lma, esasl\u0131 yan\u0131lma say\u0131lmaz. Yan\u0131lan\u0131n, yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 saiki s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin temeli saymas\u0131 ve bunun da i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinde ge\u00e7erli d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde yan\u0131lma esasl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bu durumun kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u00e7a da bilinebilir olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

c. \u0130letmede yan\u0131lma<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 33-<\/span> <\/strong>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik iradenin haberci veya \u00e7evirmen gibi bir arac\u0131 ya da bir ara\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f iletilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde de yan\u0131lma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3. Yan\u0131lmada d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 34-<\/span> <\/strong>Yan\u0131lan, yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ileri s\u00fcremez. \u00d6zellikle di\u011fer taraf\u0131n, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yan\u0131lan\u0131n kasdetti\u011fi anlamda kurulmas\u0131na raz\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildirmesi durumunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fme bu anlamda kurulmu\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4. Yan\u0131lmada kusur<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 35-<\/strong><\/span> Yan\u0131lan, yan\u0131lmas\u0131nda kusurlu ise, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden do\u011fan zarar\u0131 gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ancak, di\u011fer taraf yan\u0131lmay\u0131 biliyor veya bilmesi gerekiyorsa, tazminat istenemez. H\u00e2kim, hakkaniyetin gerektirdi\u011fi durumlarda, ifadan beklenen yarar\u0131 a\u015fmamak kayd\u0131yla, daha fazla tazminata h\u00fckmedebilir.<\/p>\n

II. Aldatma<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 36-<\/span> <\/strong>Taraflardan biri, di\u011ferinin aldatmas\u0131 sonucu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapm\u0131\u015fsa, yan\u0131lmas\u0131 esasl\u0131 olmasa bile, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin aldatmas\u0131 sonucu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapan taraf, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aldatmay\u0131 bilmesi veya bilecek durumda olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

III. Korkutma<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. H\u00fckm\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 37-<\/strong><\/span> Taraflardan biri, di\u011ferinin veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin korkutmas\u0131 sonucu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapm\u0131\u015fsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Korkutan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi olup da di\u011fer taraf korkutmay\u0131 bilmiyorsa veya bilecek durumda de\u011filse, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmak istemeyen korkutulan, hakkaniyet gerektiriyorsa, di\u011fer tarafa tazminat \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

2. Ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 38-<\/span><\/strong> Korkutulan, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kendisinin veya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan birinin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ya da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r ve yak\u0131n bir zarar tehlikesinin do\u011fdu\u011funa inanmakta hakl\u0131 ise, korkutma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Bir hakk\u0131n veya kanundan do\u011fan bir yetkinin kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 korkutmas\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu hakk\u0131 veya yetkiyi kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan\u0131n, di\u011fer taraf\u0131n zor durumda kalmas\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir menfaat sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, korkutman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

IV. \u0130rade bozuklu\u011funun giderilmesi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 39-<\/span><\/strong> Yan\u0131lma veya aldatma sebebiyle ya da korkutulma sonucunda s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapan taraf, yan\u0131lma veya aldatmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi ya da korkutman\u0131n etkisinin ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmez veya verdi\u011fi \u015feyi geri istemezse, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi onam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Aldatma veya korkutmadan dolay\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin onanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131, tazminat hakk\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz.<\/p>\n

C. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

I. Kural<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

MADDE 72-<\/strong><\/span> Tazminat istemi, zarar g\u00f6renin zarar\u0131 ve tazminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l\u0131n ve her h\u00e2lde fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak on y\u0131l\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frar. Ancak, tazminat ceza kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n daha uzun bir zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc cezay\u0131 gerektiren bir fiilden do\u011fmu\u015fsa, bu zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Haks\u0131z fiil dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zarar g\u00f6ren bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir bor\u00e7 do\u011fmu\u015fsa zarar g\u00f6ren, haks\u0131z fiilden do\u011fan tazminat istemi zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olsa bile, her zaman bu borcu ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

II. R\u00fccu isteminde<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

MADDE 73-<\/strong> <\/span>R\u00fccu istemi, tazminat\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6dendi\u011fi ve birlikte sorumlu ki\u015finin \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l\u0131n ve her h\u00e2lde tazminat\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6dendi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak on y\u0131l\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frar. Tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denmesi kendisinden istenilen ki\u015fi, durumu birlikte sorumlu oldu\u011fu ki\u015filere bildirmek zorundad\u0131r. Aksi takdirde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bu bildirimin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131labilece\u011fi tarihte i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

MADDE 82-<\/strong><\/span> Sebepsiz zenginle\u015fmeden do\u011fan istem hakk\u0131, hak sahibinin geri istem hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l\u0131n ve her h\u00e2lde zenginle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak on y\u0131l\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frar. Zenginle\u015fme, zenginle\u015fenin bir alacak hakk\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fse di\u011fer taraf, istem hakk\u0131 zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olsa bile, her zaman bu borcunu ifadan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

MADDE 147-<\/span><\/strong> A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alacaklar i\u00e7in be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k<\/strong> zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulan\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1. Kira bedelleri, anapara faizleri ve \u00fccret gibi di\u011fer d\u00f6nemsel edimler.
\n2. Otel, motel, pansiyon ve tatil k\u00f6y\u00fc gibi yerlerdeki konaklama bedelleri ile lokanta ve benzeri yerlerdeki yeme i\u00e7me bedelleri.
\n3. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanat i\u015flerinden ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta perakende sat\u0131\u015flardan do\u011fan alacaklar.
\n4. Bir ortakl\u0131kta, ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan ve ortaklar\u0131n birbirleri veya kendileri ile ortakl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki; bir ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri, temsilcileri, denet\u00e7ileri ile ortakl\u0131k veya ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki alacaklar.
\n5. Vek\u00e2let, komisyon ve acental\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden, ticari simsarl\u0131k \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, simsarl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan alacaklar.
\n6. Y\u00fcklenicinin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini a\u011f\u0131r kusuruyla hi\u00e7 ya da gere\u011fi gibi ifa etmemesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan alacaklar.<\/p>\n

MADDE 148-<\/span><\/strong> Bu ay\u0131r\u0131mda belirlenen zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcreleri, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez.<\/p>\n

MADDE 149-<\/span> <\/strong>Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, alaca\u011f\u0131n muaccel olmas\u0131yla i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Alaca\u011f\u0131n muaccel olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir bildirime ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bu bildirimin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi g\u00fcnden i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

MADDE 150-<\/span><\/strong> \u00d6m\u00fcr boyunca gelir ve benzeri d\u00f6nemsel edimlerde, alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ifa edilmemi\u015f ilk d\u00f6nemsel edimin muaccel oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnde i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131 zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015fsa, ifa edilmemi\u015f d\u00f6nemsel edimler de zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

MADDE 151-<\/span><\/strong> S\u00fcreler hesaplan\u0131rken zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn say\u0131lmaz ve zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ancak s\u00fcrenin son g\u00fcn\u00fc de hak kullan\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7ince ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olur. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrelerinin hesaplanmas\u0131nda da, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n ifas\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrelerin hesaplanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

MADDE 152-<\/span><\/strong> As\u0131l alacak zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fray\u0131nca, ona ba\u011fl\u0131 faiz ve di\u011fer alacaklar da zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

MADDE 153-<\/span> <\/strong>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u015flemeye ba\u015flamaz, ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fsa durur:
\n1. Velayet s\u00fcresince, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ana ve babalar\u0131ndan olan alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n2. Vesayet s\u00fcresince, vesayet alt\u0131nda bulunanlar\u0131n vasiden veya vesayet i\u015flemleri sebebiyle Devletten olan alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n3. Evlilik devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece, e\u015flerin di\u011ferinden olan alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n4. Hizmet ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince, ev hizmetlilerinin onlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlardan olan alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n5. Bor\u00e7lu, alacak \u00fczerinde intifa hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece.
\n6. Alaca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinde ileri s\u00fcrme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece.
\n7. Alacakl\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lu s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 ki\u015fide birle\u015fmesinde, birle\u015fmenin ileride ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili olarak ortadan kalkmas\u0131 durumunda, bu durumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7ecek s\u00fcrece.
\nZamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 durduran sebeplerin ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn bitiminde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar veya durmadan \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan i\u015flemesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

MADDE 154-<\/span><\/strong> A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kesilir:<\/p>\n

1. Bor\u00e7lu borcu ikrar etmi\u015fse, \u00f6zellikle faiz \u00f6demi\u015f veya k\u0131smen ifada bulunmu\u015fsa ya da rehin vermi\u015f veya kefil g\u00f6stermi\u015fse.
\n2. Alacakl\u0131, dava veya def\u2019i yoluyla mahkemeye veya hakeme ba\u015fvurmu\u015fsa, icra takibinde bulunmu\u015fsa ya da iflas masas\u0131na ba\u015fvurmu\u015fsa.<\/p>\n

MADDE 155-<\/span> <\/strong>Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcteselsil bor\u00e7lulardan veya b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen borcun bor\u00e7lular\u0131ndan birine kar\u015f\u0131 kesilince, di\u011ferlerine kar\u015f\u0131 da kesilmi\u015f olur. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 as\u0131l bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 kesilince, kefile kar\u015f\u0131 da kesilmi\u015f olur. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kefile kar\u015f\u0131 kesilince, as\u0131l bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 kesilmi\u015f olmaz.<\/p>\n

MADDE 156-<\/span> <\/strong>Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesiyle, yeni bir s\u00fcre i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Bor\u00e7 bir senetle ikrar edilmi\u015f veya bir mahkeme ya da hakem karar\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ise, yeni s\u00fcre her zaman on y\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/p>\n

MADDE 157-<\/span><\/strong> Bir dava veya def\u2019i yoluyla kesilmi\u015f olan zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, dava s\u00fcresince taraflar\u0131n yarg\u0131lamaya ili\u015fkin her i\u015fleminden veya h\u00e2kimin her karar\u0131ndan sonra yeniden i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, icra takibiyle kesilmi\u015fse, alaca\u011f\u0131n takibine ili\u015fkin her i\u015flemden sonra yeniden i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, iflas masas\u0131na ba\u015fvurma sebebiyle kesilmi\u015fse, iflasa ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re alaca\u011f\u0131n yeniden istenmesi imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fumundan itibaren yeniden i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

MADDE 158-<\/span> <\/strong>Dava veya def\u2019i; mahkemenin yetkili veya g\u00f6revli olmamas\u0131 ya da d\u00fczeltilebilecek bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yahut vaktinden \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle reddedilmi\u015f olup da o arada zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 veya hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre dolmu\u015fsa, alacakl\u0131 altm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck ek s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilir.<\/p>\n

MADDE 159-<\/span> <\/strong>Alaca\u011f\u0131n bir ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r rehniyle g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu alacak i\u00e7in zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flemesine engel olmaz; bununla birlikte alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, hakk\u0131n\u0131 rehinden alma yetkisi devam eder.<\/p>\n

MADDE 160-<\/span><\/strong> Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nceden feragat edilemez. M\u00fcteselsil bor\u00e7lulardan birinin feragat etmi\u015f olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez. B\u00f6l\u00fcnemez bir borcun bor\u00e7lular\u0131ndan birinin feragat etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda da ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulan\u0131r. As\u0131l bor\u00e7lunun feragati de kefile kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

MADDE 161-<\/span> <\/strong>Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmedik\u00e7e, h\u00e2kim bunu kendili\u011finden g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alamaz.<\/p>\n

\u0130RADE KAVRAMI VE \u0130RADE SAKATLI\u011eI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130rade,<\/strong><\/span> bir \u015feyi yap\u0131p yapmamaya karar verme g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130radenin hukuk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi olabilmesi i\u00e7in belirli ara\u00e7larla d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131mas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Hukuk, sadece d\u0131\u015fa vurulan irade a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunumuz s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve birbirine uygun irade beyanlar\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130rade a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, bir kimsenin bir hakk\u0131 veya hukuki ili\u015fkiyi kurma, de\u011fi\u015ftirme ve ortadan kald\u0131rma iradesini d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya bildirmesidir. (Ayd\u0131n Aybay; Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Dersleri, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisat Fak\u00fcltesi, \u0130stanbul, 1979, s.12-13.-Rona Serozan; Medeni Hukuk- Genel B\u00f6l\u00fcm, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul,2005, s.253.)<\/em><\/p>\n

Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken taraflardan birinin i\u015flem iradesinin olu\u015fum veya beyan\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sakatl\u0131klara irade bozuklu\u011fu<\/strong><\/span> denir (Eren, F.: Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, 22. b., Ankara 2017, s. 392)<\/em>. \u00a0\u0130rade bozuklu\u011fu h\u00e2lleri m\u00fclga 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda (BK) \u201cR\u0131zadaki fesat\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u201cHata\u201d, \u201cHile\u201d ve \u201c\u0130krah\u201d olarak 23 ila 31. maddeler aras\u0131nda h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f iken, 01.07.2012 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (TBK) 30 ila 39. maddeleri aras\u0131nda bu defa \u201cYan\u0131lma\u201d, \u201cAldatma\u201d ve \u201cKorkutma\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. TBK. M. 26\u2019ya g\u00f6re: \u2018\u2018Taraflar bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcrce belirleyebilirler\u2019\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Yine Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 48. maddesinde de \u2018\u2018Herkes diledi\u011fi alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir\u2019\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. \u0130rade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hukuki i\u015flemler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yap\u0131p yapmamay\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n\u0131 istenilen \u015fekilde se\u00e7meyi, \u015fekil serbestisini, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini istenilen \u015fekilde belirlemeyi kanunda belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde kapsamaktad\u0131r. (Cevdet Yavuz; Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Dersleri, \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, 1. Bas\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul,2000, s.4-5.; Derya Ate\u015f, \u2018\u2018S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck Kurallar\u0131\u2019\u2019, TBB Dergisi, S.72, 2007, s.75-93.)<\/em> Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n haricinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olarak kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in iradelerin de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekmektedir, aksi takdirde iradesi fesada u\u011frat\u0131lan taraf\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi iptal hakk\u0131 do\u011facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu’nun 11.04.1990 g\u00fcn ve 1990\/1\u2013152, 1990\/236 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, davada dayan\u0131lan maddi olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 hukuki nedenin bir arada g\u00f6sterilmesinde ilke olarak usul ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir y\u00f6n yoktur. Hukuki sebeplerden bir tanesinin di\u011fer hukuki sebebin incelenmesine olanak verir niteli\u011fi bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcrece \u00f6nem ve l\u00fczum derecesine g\u00f6re birden fazla hukuki sebep ayn\u0131 davada inceleme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu yap\u0131labilir. (<\/em>T.C. 1.HD Esas: 2017\/2634 Karar: 2020\/2741 Tarih: 17.06.2020)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

1-) H\u0130LE (ALDATMA) : <\/strong>G<\/span><\/span>enel olarak, bir kimseyi irade beyan\u0131nda bulunmaya, \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya sevk etmek i\u00e7in onda kasten hatal\u0131 b<\/span>ir kan\u0131 uyand\u0131rmak veya esasen var olan hatal\u0131 bir kan\u0131y\u0131 korumak yahut devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Hile, ger\u00e7ek durumu bilmesi halinde bir kimsenin kabul etmeyecek oldu\u011fu bir \u015feyi kabul etmesine di\u011fer bir kimse taraf\u0131ndan yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere hatada yan\u0131lma, hilede ise kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak yan\u0131ltma s\u00f6z konusudur. Hilede irade sakatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iradenin beyan\u0131nda de\u011fil, iradenin olu\u015fumunda meydana gelmektedir. \u0130radenin olu\u015fumundaki sakatl\u0131k ise ki\u015finin kendisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka birinin kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir aldatma fiiliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Nitekim, Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 20.10.2010 tarih ve 2010\/1-502 E., 2010\/536 K.; 08.07.2020 tarih ve 2017\/1-1831 E., 2020\/549 K. say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda, hilenin; ger\u00e7ek durumu bilmesi h\u00e2linde bir kimsenin kabul etmeyecek oldu\u011fu bir \u015feyi kabul etmesine di\u011fer bir kimse taraf\u0131ndan yol a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir hukuki i\u015flemin ge\u00e7erli ve amac\u0131na uygun hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilmesi i\u00e7in o hukuki i\u015flemi yapan ki\u015fi veya ki\u015filerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015f iradelerinin bulunmas\u0131 ve yine bu iradelerinin istenilen hukuki sonuca uygun \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u0130rade bozuklu\u011fu kavram\u0131n\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmakta olup, bunlardan ilki iradenin hen\u00fcz olu\u015fum evresindeki sakatl\u0131k, di\u011feri ise iradenin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurulmas\u0131 (beyan\u0131-bildirimi) evresinde meydana gelen sakatl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130rade bozuklu\u011fu h\u00e2lleri m\u00fclga 818 say\u0131l\u0131 BK\u2019nda \u201cR\u0131zadaki fesat\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u201cHata\u201d, \u201cHile\u201d ve \u201c\u0130krah\u201d olarak 23 ila 31. maddeler aras\u0131nda h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f iken, 01.07.2012 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK\u2019n\u0131n 30 ila 39. maddeleri aras\u0131nda bu defa \u201cYan\u0131lma\u201d, \u201cAldatma\u201d ve \u201cKorkutma\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\n

Aldatmay\u0131 (hileyi) ispat y\u00fck\u00fc<\/strong><\/span>, aldat\u0131lan tarafa aittir. Hata, hile ve ikrah iddialar\u0131n\u0131n senede ba\u011flanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan senetle ispat edilmesinde maddi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle hukuki i\u015flemlerdeki irade bozuklu\u011fu iddialar\u0131, 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun (HMK) 203\/1-\u00e7 maddesinde senede kar\u015f\u0131 senetle ispat zorunlulu\u011funun istisnalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme resm\u00ee senetle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa dahi 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun (TMK) \u201cResm\u00ee belgelerle ispat\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 7. maddesi \u201cResm\u00ee sicil ve senetler, belgeledikleri olgular\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa kan\u0131t olu\u015fturur. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ispat\u0131, kanunlarda ba\u015fka bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, her hangi bir \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, hile olgusunun tan\u0131k d\u00e2hil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc delille ispat\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Salt s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi okumam\u0131\u015f olmak, hile olarak kabul edilmez. Hile olarak kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi okumamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek makul ve ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f etkilerin olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda basit yalan hile olarak de\u011ferlendirilmezken, hukuk yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda basit yalan olay\u0131n somut \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re bazen hile te\u015fkil edebilmektedir<\/em><\/strong>. Ancak aldat\u0131lan\u0131n bu basit yalana inanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek makul ve somut olgular\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131 gerekir. Hukuk muhakemesindeki hile kavram\u0131, ceza hukukundaki hile kavram\u0131ndan daha geni\u015ftir.<\/strong> Hukuk yarg\u0131lamas\u0131ndaki her hileli i\u015flem, ceza hukukundaki doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmayabilir.<\/strong> \u00d6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp iddia edilen hilenin inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na da (tecr\u00fcbe kurallar\u0131na) uygun olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/strong> Hile iddias\u0131n\u0131n teknik delillerle <\/strong>(Bilirki\u015fi raporu vs.)<\/em> de \u00e7eli\u015fmemesi gerekir.<\/strong> Y\u00fcksek mahkeme, hi\u00e7 bir makul neden ve gerek\u00e7e yokken, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan devirlerde, hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygunluk g\u00f6rmemektedir. Yine semenin (bedelin) s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin asli unsurlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu, i\u015flemden hemen sonra \u00f6denece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin yarat\u0131l\u0131p bedelin \u00f6denmemesini hile kabul etmekte, iradenin sakatland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Ancak semenin i\u015flemden bir k\u0131s\u0131m zaman sonra \u00f6denece\u011finin taraflarca kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde sadece bedelin \u00f6denmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n yasal di\u011fer takip yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olabilece\u011fini; tapu iptal ve tescile sebebiyet veremeyece\u011fini kabul etmektedir. Bedelin \u00f6denip \u00f6denmemesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda; resmi akitteki bedelin farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131n ancak ayn\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7teki ba\u015fka bir delille kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bor\u00e7lar Hukukunda, hile olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu durum ceza hukukunda, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. TCK madde 157\u2019ye g\u00f6re doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7u, hileli davran\u0131\u015flarla bir kimseyi aldat\u0131p, onun veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131na olarak, kendisine veya bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na yarar sa\u011flamas\u0131 durumudur. Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in fiilin, hileli davran\u0131\u015flar sonucu bir kimseyi aldatmas\u0131, onun veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131na olarak, kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na bir yarar sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Hile, nitelikli bir yaland\u0131r. Yalan belli oranda a\u011f\u0131r, yo\u011fun ve ustaca olma, sergileni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ma\u011fdurun denetleme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong> Kullan\u0131lan hile ile ma\u011fdur yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmeli ve bu yan\u0131ltma sonucu kand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarla yalanlara inanan ma\u011fdur taraf\u0131ndan san\u0131k veya bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na haks\u0131z \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hilenin kand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut olarak de\u011ferlendirilmeli, olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi, ma\u011fdurun durumu, fiille olan ili\u015fkisi, kullan\u0131lan hilenin \u015fekli, kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa gizlenen veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilen belgenin nitelikleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 nazara al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. O halde hileli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n aldatacak nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Basit bir yalan hileli hareket olarak kabul edilemez. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen her hile eylemi doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmazken, her doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k eylemi, hile unsurunu i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Hile, bir \u015fah\u0131sta yanl\u0131\u015f fikir ve kanaat meydana getirmek veya mevcut bir yanl\u0131\u015f fikrin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hareket ve s\u00f6ylenen s\u00f6zlerdir. Hile, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kimsenin hukuki i\u015flem yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in onu kasten yan\u0131ltma durumudur. Hile halinde, bir kimse, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in s\u00f6zleri veya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile onda yanl\u0131\u015f bir kanaat uyand\u0131rmakta veya kar\u015f\u0131 tarafta olan yanl\u0131\u015f kanaati g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek, bu kanaatin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Yani hile, fiili olarak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa yanl\u0131\u015f beyanlarda bulunarak aldatmak \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi gibi s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken konularda sessiz kalmak suretiyle de ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmektedir. (Bkz. Yarg\u0131tay 11.CD. T. 05.06.2006, E.2005\/144, K.2006\/5115. – 5 YHGK. T. 03.04.1963, 1963\/ 4-76-40 s. karar\u0131nda da \u2018\u2018hile, ger\u00e7ek durumu bilmesi halinde bir kimsenin kabul etmeyecek oldu\u011fu bir \u015feyi kabul etmesine di\u011fer bir kimse taraf\u0131ndan yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r\u2019\u2019 denmektedir.-Nevzat Toroslu; Ceza Hukuku \u00d6zel K\u0131s\u0131m, Sava\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2008, s.173.) <\/em><\/p>\n

Her doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k bir aldatma-hile kabul edilebilirse de her aldatma-hile bir doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k say\u0131lmayabilir. Ceza kanunundaki doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kapsam\u0131 daha dar hilenin kapsam\u0131 ise daha geni\u015ftir. (D\u00f6nmezer Sulhi, Ceza Hukuku Hususi K\u0131s\u0131m \u015eah\u0131slara Kar\u015f\u0131 Mal Aleyhine C\u00fcr\u00fcmler,2. Bas\u0131 1953 sh.207 vd.-Yan\u0131lma-Aldatma-Korkutma Davalar\u0131, Eraslan \u00d6zkaya sh.196) \u00d6rne\u011fin tapuya kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi akdetmek amac\u0131yla kand\u0131r\u0131larak g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddias\u0131 ceza muhakemesine g\u00f6re <\/em><\/strong>(<\/em>T.C. YARGITAY ONBE\u015e\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130 Esas : 2017\/27851 Karar : 2019\/11480 Tarih : 12.11.2019 sy karar\u0131)<\/em> hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil edip, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmasa da, hukuk yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda bu iddia, hile olgusu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aldatmak kast\u0131yla s\u00f6ylenmeyen s\u00f6zleri, tak\u0131n\u0131lan tavr\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 taraf ciddiye alarak yan\u0131lsa dahi kas\u0131t bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan aldatman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemez. Burada ancak ko\u015fullar\u0131 varsa esasl\u0131 hata nedeniyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin iptali istenebilir. Aldatma kast\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 zararland\u0131rma ve k\u00f6t\u00fc olma vasf\u0131 aranmaz. \u0130hmal ve dikkatsizlik ile kar\u015f\u0131 taraf yan\u0131lt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, kas\u0131t olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan aldatmadan s\u00f6z edilemez. T\u00fcm bu anlat\u0131mlardan kas\u0131t unsurunun te\u015fekk\u00fcl edebilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n