{"id":4155,"date":"2023-03-19T23:08:46","date_gmt":"2023-03-19T20:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tuncayilcim.av.tr\/v5\/?p=4155"},"modified":"2023-04-28T17:12:34","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T14:12:34","slug":"turk-ceza-hukukunda-mesru-savunma-ve-unsurlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tuncayilcim.av.tr\/v5\/turk-ceza-hukukunda-mesru-savunma-ve-unsurlari\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRK CEZA HUKUKUNDA ”ME\u015eRU M\u00dcDAFAA (YASAL SAVUNMA)”\/- \/”ZARURET HAL\u0130” ve UNSURLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

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5237 sy. TCK – Me\u015fru Savunma ve Zorunluluk Hali ;<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

Madde 25- (1)<\/strong><\/span> Gerek kendisine ve gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi veya tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o anda hal ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetmek zorunlulu\u011fu ile i\u015flenen fiillerden dolay\u0131 faile ceza verilmez.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong><\/span> Gerek kendisine gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakka y\u00f6nelik olup, bilerek neden olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fka suretle korunmak olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan a\u011f\u0131r ve muhakkak bir tehlikeden kurtulmak veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak zorunlulu\u011fu ile ve tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile konu ve kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131ta aras\u0131nda orant\u0131 bulunmak ko\u015fulu ile i\u015flenen fiillerden dolay\u0131 faile ceza verilmez.<\/p>\n

TCK MADDE 25\u00a0Gerek\u00e7esi ;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda bir hukuka uygunluk ne\u00addeni olarak me\u015fru savunma d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Me\u015fru savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Tasar\u0131 \u015fu ko\u015fullar\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/em><\/p>\n

Bir kere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakka y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru sa\u00advunman\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece kurumun, bazen anlam\u00ads\u0131z ve sosyal gereklere ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede dar tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00ad\u00e7ilmesi istenilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fu husus da belirtilmelidir ki, ki\u015fileri su\u00e7 i\u015flemekten cayd\u0131ra\u00adcak en etkin ara\u00e7lardan birisi, su\u00e7 i\u015flediklerinde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6rebilecekleri en\u00addi\u015fesi oldu\u011fundan, me\u015fru savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylece geni\u015fletilmesi, krimi\u00adnolojik y\u00f6nden cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki de yapabilecektir.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci olarak me\u015fru savunman\u0131n \u201chaks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d ko\u015fulu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u201cger\u00e7ekle\u015fen haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d ile \u201cger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d veya \u201ctekrar\u0131 muhakkak haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d ayn\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ki\u015filerin haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerini korumalar\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Savunman\u0131n \u201csald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde\u201d olmas\u0131, yani sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defe\u00addecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131, me\u015fru savunman\u0131n temel ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan birisi olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ki\u015fi, ancak bu sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir davran\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi takdirde, me\u015fru savunma hukuka uy\u00adgunluk nedeninden yararlanacakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda, kusurlulu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131ran bir neden olarak zorunluluk (zaruret, \u0131zt\u0131rar) hali d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Zorunluluk\u00a0durumunda, ki\u015finin, kendisinin veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n sahip bulundu\u011fu bir hakka y\u00f6nelik bir tehlikeyi gidermek amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ceza so\u00adrumlulu\u011fu yoktur. Me\u015fru savunmadan farkl\u0131 olarak, zorunluluk halinde bir sald\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil tehlike s\u00f6z konusudur. Zorunluluk halinin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in, ki\u015finin tehlikeye bilerek neden olmamas\u0131, tehlikeden su\u00e7 olan bir harekete ba\u015fvur\u00admadan kurtulman\u0131n olanakl\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131 ve tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r ve muhakkak olmas\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile konu ve kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 aras\u0131nda \u201coran\u00adt\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi\u201d kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131\/ TCK Madde 27<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

(1)<\/strong> <\/span>Ceza sorumlulu\u011funu kald\u0131ran nedenlerde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kast olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, fiil taksirle i\u015flendi\u011finde de cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorsa, taksirli su\u00e7 i\u00e7in kanunda yaz\u0131l\u0131 cezan\u0131n alt\u0131da birinden \u00fc\u00e7te birine kadar\u0131 indirilerek h\u00fckmolunur.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong><\/span> Me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelmi\u015f ise faile ceza verilmez.<\/p>\n

Me\u015fru Savunma (M\u00fcdafaa),<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 o anki durum ve imkanlarla sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in i\u015flenen fiildir. Ceza hukukunda\u00a0me\u015fru savunma<\/em>, bir hukuka uygunluk nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir (TCK m.25). Sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmek i\u00e7in orant\u0131l\u0131\/\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanan kimse, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa<\/em> h\u00fck\u00fcmleri gere\u011fi cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktan kurtulur. Maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda, \u201cheyecan, korku ve pani\u011fe (tele\u015fa)\u201d kap\u0131larak me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde dahi faile ceza verilmez (TCK m.27). 3. Ki\u015fi lehine me\u015fru savunma da olanakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zorunluluk Hali<\/strong>;<\/span> kendisinin veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n bir hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r ve muhakkak bir tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fka suretle korunma olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla tehlikeden kurtulmak veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak zorunlulu\u011fu alt\u0131nda i\u015flenen fiilleri ifade eder (TCK m.25\/2).\u00a0 Ceza hukukunda zorunluluk hali, \u201c\u0131zt\u0131rar hali\u201d olarak da ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\n

Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya ve savunmaya ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekmektedir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

A. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya \u0130li\u015fkin Ko\u015fullar:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

a)<\/strong> Bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r, burada somut bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekmekte ise de, ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 muhakkak olan ve ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde savunmay\u0131 olanaks\u0131z k\u0131lacak veya g\u00fc\u00e7 hale getirecek bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, keza bitmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tekrar\u0131ndan korkulan bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 da hen\u00fcz sona ermemi\u015f saymak zorunludur.<\/p>\n

b)<\/strong> Sald\u0131r\u0131 haks\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

c)<\/strong> Sald\u0131r\u0131 765 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasaya g\u00f6re, nefis ya da \u0131rza, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasaya g\u00f6re ise herhangi bir hakka y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

d)<\/strong> Sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunma, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B. Savunmaya \u0130li\u015fkin Ko\u015fullar:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

a)<\/strong> Savunma zorunlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zorunluluk ile kastedilen husus, failin kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakk\u0131 koruyabilmesi i\u00e7in savunmadan ba\u015fka imkan\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

b)<\/strong> Sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma aras\u0131nda oran\/\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

c)<\/strong> Savunma sald\u0131rana kar\u015f\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu – Karar: 2013\/264 )-(Ceza Genel Kurulu 2017\/1181 E. , 2021\/595 K.).<\/em><\/p>\n

SALDIRIYA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N KO\u015eULLAR : <\/span><\/strong>Sald\u0131r\u0131;<\/span><\/span> Bir ki\u015finin me\u015fru menfaatlerini ihlale y\u00f6nelik iradi bir insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck ya da y\u0131pratma amac\u0131yla, bir kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya silahl\u0131 ya da silahs\u0131z bir eylemde bulunma, h\u00fccum, taarruz, tecav\u00fcz anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Savunma ise kelime anlam\u0131 olarak u\u011fran\u0131lan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ki\u015finin kendisini veya bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan me\u015fru savunma, bir kimsenin, kendisini veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmek i\u00e7in savunma amac\u0131na uygun bir \u015fekilde sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defedecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kuvvet kullanarak yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu fiilden dolay\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. (\u00d6zgen\u00e7 Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.318) <\/em><\/p>\n

Me\u015fru savunmadan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in ortada ger\u00e7ek bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Ortada ger\u00e7ek bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, sald\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131larak hareket edilmesi halinde hukuka uygunluk sebeplerinin ko\u015fullar\u0131nda hata hali s\u00f6z konusudur. Bir fiilin me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmesi i\u00e7in icrai olmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fildir. \u0130hmali nitelikteki bir davran\u0131\u015fla da bir ki\u015finin me\u015fru menfaatlerini ihlale y\u00f6nelik bir davran\u0131\u015f i\u015flenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131 bitti\u011fi halde sal\u0131verilmeyen bir mahkumun infaz koruma memurunu tehdit ederek cezaevinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir.(Y\u00fcce,sf.256) <\/em>Ya da serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6pe\u011finin yoldan ge\u00e7en ki\u015fiyi \u0131s\u0131rmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hareketsiz kalma; ila\u00e7 kullanan hastaya hasta bak\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ilac\u0131n\u0131 vermemesi, g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nan ki\u015finin g\u00f6zalt\u0131 s\u00fcresinin sona ermesine ra\u011fmen b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 eylemlerinde ihmali davran\u0131\u015f, zarar olu\u015fturan bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktayken; salt alkol ve uyu\u015fturucu madde etkisindeyken ya da uykusuzluk yorgunluk gibi ba\u015fka nedenlerle emniyetli bir \u015fekilde arac\u0131n\u0131 sevk ve idare edemeyecek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen trafik g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye sokup ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan somut bir tehlike yaratan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 \u015feklinde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu t\u00fcr eylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan savunma hareketi me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. (Ersan, Me\u015fru Savunma ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s.11)<\/em> Yine, bir park yeri \u00fczerinde yasal hakk\u0131 olan bir ki\u015finin, park yerini bo\u015faltmayan bir kad\u0131n\u0131 hareket ettirmek i\u00e7in ittirmesi, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir.(Fletcher, proportionality…sf.385)<\/em> Bu ba\u011flamda bo\u011fulmakta olan bir ki\u015fiyi isteyerek kurtarmayan cankurtaran\u0131 tehdit etmek, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fim gibi, kurtarma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmayan ve fakat iyi derecede y\u00fczme bilen bir ki\u015finin bo\u011fulmakta olan bir kimseyi bilerek kurtarmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu ki\u015fiye \u015fiddet uygulamak suretiyle bo\u011fulan ki\u015finin kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak da me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131nda, tehlike arz eden fiil sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011findedir ve bu nitelikteki bir fiile kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. (Y.4.CD.2013\/17224,2015\/31075)<\/em> \u00d6rne\u011fin ” \u015eerefsizlik yapma, borcunu \u00f6de yoksa buradan \u00e7\u0131kamazs\u0131n” \u015feklinde tehditkar s\u00f6zler \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n da ” siz beni burada d\u00f6verseniz bende sizi Mut da d\u00f6vd\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcm”<\/em> bi\u00e7iminde s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6z y\u00fcksek mahkemece, TCK md.25\/1 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Kural olarak bir tehdidin savunma kapsam\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in bunun insan kaynakl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bu eylemin iradi de olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bir hayvandan ya da do\u011fa olaylar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan tehdit; ceza hukuku anlam\u0131nda fiil olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011finden me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmesi de s\u00f6z konusu olamaz.(Y\u00fcce,sf.256)<\/em> E\u011fer bir ki\u015fi sahip oldu\u011fu hayvan\u0131 kullanmak suretiyle savunan\u0131n yararlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tehdit yaratm\u0131\u015fsa, arz edilen durumda her ne kadar bir hayvan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa bile burada insan kaynakl\u0131 bir tehdit s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde bir fiilin mevcut oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. Bu t\u00fcr bir durumda savunan\u0131n, kendisini korumak i\u00e7in bu hayvana zarar vermesi, sahipli hayvanlar mal olarak nitelendirildi\u011fi i\u00e7in me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde burada sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in gerekli ise hayvan\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 da g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir.(Centel sf.100,Meran sf.115,\u00d6zbek-Bacaks\u0131z-Do\u011fan-Tepe, \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler sf.144)<\/em> Hayvan\u0131n tehlike yaratabilecek \u015fekilde serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 su\u00e7u sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmelidir. Burada \u015fayet menfaatleri sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ki\u015fi, menfaatlerini korumak i\u00e7im sahipli olmakla birlikte, ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f olan bu hayvan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse veya hayvan\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan sahibine y\u00f6nelik fiil i\u015flerse, bu durumda bu ki\u015finin me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda hareket etti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. (Y.15.CD.201371232 E.2013\/15014 K.-4.CD.2013\/4003 E.2014\/36848 K.)<\/em> Hakl\u0131 bir neden olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sahipli hayvan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren, i\u015fe yarayamayacak hale getiren veya de\u011ferinin azalmas\u0131na neden olan ki\u015fi TCK md.151\/2 gere\u011fince cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir fiilin sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak nitelenebilmesi i\u00e7in belirli bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmedi\u011fi gibi, haks\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7eri\u011finin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. \u015eiddet i\u00e7ersin ya da i\u00e7ermesin, fiziksel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva etsin ya da etmesin, me\u015fru menfaatleri ihlale y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f, sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul edilmelidir. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda haks\u0131z olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bir ki\u015finin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu savunma hareketinin me\u015fru kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, menfaatlerine y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir ki bu, sald\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki menfaatlerinin d\u00fczenli bir toplumun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devam\u0131 i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferlerden olmas\u0131 ve bu de\u011ferleri ihlale y\u00f6nelik i\u015flenen fiilin de herhangi bir hakka dayanmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Hukuk d\u00fczenini bozan, zedeleyen her sald\u0131r\u0131 haks\u0131zd\u0131r.(Y\u00fcce sf.256,\u00d6nder sf.242)<\/em> Bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131z olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etmesi gerekmemektedir, kabahat te\u015fkil eden bir fiile ya da taksirli bir fiile kar\u015f\u0131 da me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak doktrinde kabahat te\u015fkil eden fiillere kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunman\u0131n olamayaca\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de mevcuttur. Me\u015fru savunmada sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan iradi insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 ya da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir eylem sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinin me\u015fru savunmada sald\u0131r\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir fark\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle kas\u0131tla yap\u0131lan eylemin yan\u0131nda taksirle i\u015flenen eylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 da me\u015fru savunma m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan iradi bir insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak nitelendirilemeyen uykuda yap\u0131lan hareketler ve refleksler ile ya\u015fan\u0131lan sosyal \u00e7evrenin ola\u011fan kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 el, kol \u015fakalar\u0131 ile yolda ya da topluluk i\u00e7erisinde hafif \u015fekilde \u00e7apmak gibi basit fiiller sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmediklerinden bu eylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, me\u015fru savunmadan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in iradi ve ger\u00e7ek bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. (Ersan, Me\u015fru Savunma ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s. 12) <\/em>Sald\u0131r\u0131, su\u00e7 niteli\u011finde ise icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Hen\u00fcz icra hareketi yokken haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan savunma me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilemez. \u00d6te yandan sald\u0131r\u0131 tehlikesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da TCK\u2019n\u0131n 148\/3 maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ma\u011fdurun ila\u00e7, hipnotize vs. gibi herhangi bir ara\u00e7la etkisiz hale getirildi\u011fi cebir karinesi durumunun (mefruz cebir)<\/em> bulundu\u011fu durumlarda da me\u015fru savunmada sald\u0131r\u0131 unsuru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda, bir ki\u015fiye uyu\u015fturucu verilerek yap\u0131lan hareket de me\u015fru savunmada sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. (\u00d6zen, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa, s.75-76; Zafer: Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.221)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eeref ve haysiyete y\u00f6nelik hakaret ve s\u00f6vme gibi fiiller, s\u00f6ylenmekle tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131ndan savunmada bulunan \u015fahs\u0131n bu a\u015famadan sonra yapaca\u011f\u0131 eylemler me\u015fru savunman\u0131n g\u00fcncelli\u011fi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmedi\u011finden di\u011fer bir ifade ile savunan i\u00e7in art\u0131k bir hakk\u0131n korunmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z durumun \u00f6\u00e7 alma \u015feklinde giderilmesinden s\u00f6z edilebilece\u011finden bu t\u00fcr sald\u0131r\u0131larda me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanmay\u0131p eylem, haks\u0131z tahrik kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. (\u00d6zen: Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa, s.104-105)<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00f6zl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan cebir i\u00e7ermeyen tehdit fiili ise, ileri zamanl\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya i\u015faret etti\u011finden sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncelli\u011fi ve savunma zorunlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcddet\u00e7e me\u015fru savunmaya konu olabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, me\u015fru savunma i\u00e7in farazi tehlike de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek bir tehlike ve sald\u0131r\u0131 tehdidinin olu\u015fmas\u0131 aran\u0131r. (\u015eahin, \u201cYasal Savunma\u201d, s.19)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, ger\u00e7ek bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde de olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f ancak ba\u015flamas\u0131 muhakkak olan ya da ba\u015flamas\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ile bitmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tekrar\u0131ndan korkulan sald\u0131r\u0131 da bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/strong><\/span> (\u00d6zen, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa, s.72-73; Toroslu, Ceza Hukuku, s.83)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131, bizzat faile y\u00f6nelik olabilece\u011fi gibi yak\u0131n\u0131na ya da tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik de olabilir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle fail d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelen sald\u0131r\u0131da failin, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi lehine me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi ile aras\u0131nda bir akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin ya da yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekmez. Aksi durumun kabul\u00fc toplu halde ya\u015fayan insan\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7e saymak anlam\u0131na gelir. (Bak\u0131c\u0131, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.553)<\/em><\/p>\n

Me\u015fru savunma halinde ilk haks\u0131z eylemin kimden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenememesi durumunda her iki taraf i\u00e7in de me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanmay\u0131p haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. (1.CD, 2009\/3862 E, 2013\/3489 K, 30\/04\/2013 ) <\/em>Herhangi bir olayda me\u015fru savunmadan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 yapan\u0131n bilinmeli ve o ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada bulunulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131 birden fazla ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat hangisinin sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenemiyorsa ya da sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015fi tespit edilemiyorsa me\u015fru savunmadan s\u00f6z edilemez. (Y.C.G.K’n\u0131n 335 E, 375 K. 12.11.1984 Tarihli Karar\u0131 (Aktaran G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck: \u201cMe\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa\u201d s.525-526)<\/em><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131da belirtilen \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel bir niteli\u011fi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ya da sald\u0131r\u0131 bittikten sonra da me\u015fru savunmada bulunulamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunma ayn\u0131 anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmelidir. (Ersan, Me\u015fru Savunma ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s.28-30)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n devam etmesi,<\/strong> <\/span>t\u00fcm etkileri ile birlikte tamamlan\u0131ncaya kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreci ifade etmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131 su\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re de de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Ani su\u00e7larda, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k hemen kesilece\u011finden sald\u0131r\u0131 ilk eylemin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda mevcuttur ve hemen bu anda tamamlan\u0131r. M\u00fctemadi (kesintisiz) su\u00e7larda ise hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k kesintisiz eylemle devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in eylemin devam\u0131 boyunca sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyetinden s\u00f6z edilir.<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin; kendisini evlenmek amac\u0131yla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131p iki g\u00fcn bir evde tutan faile kar\u015f\u0131 ma\u011fdurun serbest kal\u0131ncaya kadarki eylemleri me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. (Ersan, Me\u015fru Savunma ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s.30-31)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bitmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen<\/strong> <\/span>somut olay\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re tekrar\u0131ndan korkulan<\/strong><\/span> ya da sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bitme an\u0131n\u0131n belli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda sald\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul edilmemelidir. (Mammadow, \u201cMe\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa\u201d, s.65-66) <\/em>Yarg\u0131tay, hakaret ederek apartman\u0131n giri\u015fine baltayla vuran maktule silahla ate\u015f edilmesinde sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Polis memuru san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eve geldi\u011finde e\u015finin kendisini aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi \u00fczerine, e\u015fi ve maktul\u00fcn \u201co bizi \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fine biz onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrelim\u201d \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylemesi \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n da silah\u0131yla ate\u015f etti\u011fi olayda, maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsel isteklerle rahats\u0131z edip olay g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fczerine sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k bir saate kadar s\u00fcren m\u00fccadelede san\u0131\u011f\u0131n av t\u00fcfe\u011fi ile maktule ate\u015f etti\u011fi olayda, maktule tokat ile vuran san\u0131\u011fa maktul taraf\u0131ndan b\u0131\u00e7akla sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n da maktule bira barda\u011f\u0131, tekme ve yumrukla vurarak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep oldu\u011fu olayda, san\u0131k K’n\u0131n ablas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duymas\u0131 \u00fczerine ablas\u0131n\u0131 zorla ka\u00e7\u0131rmak isteyen ki\u015filerden maktul A’y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olayda sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. (Yarg\u0131tay 1. CD. 3705 E, 3981 K, 08.12.1997 Tarihli Karar\u0131 Yarg\u0131tay 1.CD. 1642 E, 3249 K, 22.12.2003 Tarihli Karar\u0131 \u00a0Yarg\u0131tay 1. CD’nin 2012\/3488 Esas, 2012\/8274 Karar, 15\/11\/2012 tarihli Karar\u0131 , Yarg\u0131tay 2.CD. 8802 E, 12752 K, 22.10.2003 Tarihli Karar\u0131 )<\/em><\/p>\n

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Bir alaca\u011f\u0131n talep hakk\u0131 vermemesi her zaman o talebin haks\u0131z oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmese de kumar borcu ya da zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frayan alacaklar gibi eksik bor\u00e7lar\u0131n haks\u0131zl\u0131k olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. (bkz. Haf\u0131zo\u011fullar\u0131 – \u00d6zen, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.244)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Yarg\u0131tay, e\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 normal olmayan yoldan cinsel ili\u015fkiye girmek isteyen ki\u015fiye e\u015fin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kan kavgada kendisiyle normal olmayan yoldan cinsel ili\u015fkiye girmek isteyen maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcren san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eylemini me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda kabul etmi\u015ftir. (Yarg\u0131tay 1. CD’nin 2011\/3909 Esas, 2012\/ 4080 Karar, 21\/05\/2012 )<\/em><\/p>\n

Savunmada zorunluluk,<\/strong> <\/span>savunmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve ba\u015fvurulan arac\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 bertaraf etmede elveri\u015fli ve en \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 y\u00f6ntem olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle, failin kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakk\u0131 koruyup sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 sona erdirebilmesi i\u00e7in savunmadan ba\u015fka daha yumu\u015fak ve etkili bir olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131, savunmada zorunlulu\u011fu ifade etmektedir. Sald\u0131rgana zarar vermeden sald\u0131r\u0131dan kurtulman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015finin sald\u0131r\u0131ya tepki g\u00f6stermek ya da ona katlanmak se\u00e7enekleri ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu gibi durumlarda savunma zorunlulu\u011fu, i\u00e7inde bulunulan ortam\u0131n, (kapal\u0131 oda, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokak, nehir kenar\u0131),<\/em> sald\u0131rgan\u0131n ve sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan\u0131n ki\u015fisel \u00f6zellikleri (fel\u00e7li, hasta, ya\u015fl\u0131)<\/em> ve sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n veh\u00e2metine (\u00e7ok ani ve beklenmeyen sald\u0131r\u0131)<\/em> g\u00f6re her somut olayda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Savunmaya y\u00f6nelik hareketin \u201czorunlu\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan hakka y\u00f6nelik tehlikeyi kesin olarak ve derhal ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131larak belirlenir. Savunmada bulunmadan mevcut sald\u0131r\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labiliyorsa savunmada zorunluluktan s\u00f6z edilemez. Maruz kal\u0131nan sald\u0131r\u0131, gelecekteki bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde olup kolluk kuvvetlerine haber verilerek derhal uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labiliyorsa savunma fiilinde zorunluluk bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak ki\u015finin, sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerine ba\u015fvurma imkan\u0131 yoksa ya da ba\u015fvurma imkan\u0131 olsa bile g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri derhal bu sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nleyemeyecekse bu durumda savunma zorunludur. Bu anlamda, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel olmas\u0131, savunma zorunlulu\u011funun \u00f6n ko\u015fulunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Savunmada bulunan ki\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 sonucu veren birden fazla savunma olana\u011f\u0131 veren durum varsa ki\u015fi, bunlardan en az zarar verecek olan\u0131 se\u00e7melidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, izinsiz olarak \u00e7\u0131plak foto\u011fraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekilen ki\u015fi foto\u011fraf makinesini al\u0131p foto\u011fraflar\u0131 silebilecekken, foto\u011fraf makinesini k\u0131rar ya da foto\u011fraf\u0131 \u00e7eken ki\u015fiyi d\u00f6verse savunmada zorunluluktan s\u00f6z edilemeyecektir. Bu nokta da bizi savunmada oran ve me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumlar\u0131 ile her an kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirebilecektir. (Ersan, Me\u015fru Savunma ve S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s.38)<\/em><\/p>\n

Savunma hareketi, yan\u0131lma ve silah\u0131n bozuk olmas\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f ni\u015fan alma gibi eylemler sebebiyle sapma sonucu<\/strong><\/span> sald\u0131rgan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ise, savunmada bulunan me\u015fru savunmadan yararlanabilecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kendisine silahla sald\u0131ran ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda tabanca ile ate\u015f eden fakat kur\u015funun sekmesi sonucu sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunan\u0131n damad\u0131na kur\u015funun isabet etti\u011fi olayda ki\u015fi me\u015fru savunmadan yararlanacakt\u0131r. (Demirba\u015f: Ceza Genel, s. 277; Bak\u0131c\u0131: Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.556-\u00d6zbek-Kanbur-Do\u011fan-Bacaks\u0131z-Tepe, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu Yorumu, s.286)<\/em><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada bulunurken olayla ilgisi olmayan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye ait ara\u00e7 veya e\u015fyalar\u0131 kullanabilir ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye ait ba\u015fka e\u015fyalara zarar verilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Lokantada yemek yerken m\u00fc\u015fteri olan bir sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan barda\u011f\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi veya savunma s\u0131ras\u0131nda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n sald\u0131rgan\u0131 itmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda masadaki taba\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferek k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda fail sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 yasal savunma halindeyken; zarar verdi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015ftu\u011fu takdirde ancak zorunluluk halinden yararlanabilir. Ancak bu durumda dahi olu\u015fan zarar\u0131n tazmini gerekmektedir. (\u015eahin, \u201cYasal Savunma\u201d, s.44-45)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan kimsenin hakk\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmeden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek m\u00fcdahale me\u015fru olmaz. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r ya da hafif olmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ayr\u0131m da yoktur. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u00fc veya maddi bir \u015feyle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Vazge\u00e7ilen hakka y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131 da me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan s\u00f6z edilmemesi gerekir. Bir yetkinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131 kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. (Do\u00e7.dr.\u0130brahim \u015eahbaz, A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, s.208-234)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130ddianamede me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri talep edilmesi halinde, me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kanaat olu\u015fmas\u0131 halinde san\u0131\u011fa ek savunma hakk\u0131 verilmesi zorunludur. Eylemin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmadan \u015fikayet yoklu\u011fundan kamu davas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine karar verilemez. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131z olmas\u0131 yeterli olup, ayr\u0131ca cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 gerekli de\u011fildir. Me\u015fru savunmada bulunan\u0131n savunma kapsam\u0131ndaki eyleminin orant\u0131s\u0131z ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir tepki niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 (savunman\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131ya g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde orant\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131)<\/em> halinde, bu harekete kar\u015f\u0131 savunmada bulunmas\u0131 hakl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131ndan, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir. Taksirle veya kusursuz olarak sebep olunan bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131ya kasten sebep olan (me\u015fru savunma ortam\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan) veya haks\u0131z tahrik olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde eylemde bulunan fail, me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden faydalanamaz. Me\u015fru savunman\u0131n haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131 ko\u015fulu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak sald\u0131r\u0131 veya tekrar\u0131 muhakkak haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131, ayn\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O anda veya \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi muhakkak bir sald\u0131r\u0131 tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada bulunulabilir ise de gelecekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi muhtemel bir tehdide kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma kabul edilemez. Derhal savunmada bulunman\u0131n zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in; sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hangi hukuki konuya y\u00f6nelik bulundu\u011fu, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u0131srarl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kullan\u0131lan arac\u0131n niteli\u011fi gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden yararlan\u0131labilir. Sald\u0131r\u0131 veya tehlikenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in derhal savunmada bulunmak gerekmiyor ve sonraki bir zamanda da giderilebilecek durumda ise me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fulu olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Benzer \u015fekilde sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemle def edilebilmesinin olanakl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 halinde, savunma zorunlulu\u011funun bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle me\u015fru savunma hakk\u0131 do\u011fmaz. Ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntemlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, ki\u015filerden baz\u0131 ki\u015filik de\u011ferlerinden fedakarl\u0131kta bulunmas\u0131 (yalvarmas\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemesi vb.)<\/em> veya cesurca davran\u0131p kahramanl\u0131k yapmas\u0131, kendisini tehlikeye atmas\u0131 istenemeyece\u011fi gibi kendisini korumaya y\u00f6nelik baz\u0131 gayretlerde bulunmas\u0131 gerekebilir ise de ka\u00e7mas\u0131 beklenemez. \u015eah\u0131sta veya hedefte hata halinde me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r. Ara\u00e7ta orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca se\u00e7ilen ara\u00e7 veya silah\u0131n cinsiyle ilgili olmay\u0131p, bu ara\u00e7 veya silah\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kabul edilir. 3.ki\u015finin \u00fczerinde tasarruf yetkisi bulunmayan bir hakk\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong><\/span> sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, savunmada bulunmak istememesi, sald\u0131r\u0131ya r\u0131za g\u00f6stermesi durumunda ise, onun r\u0131za g\u00f6stermesi sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 hukuka uygun hale getirmeyece\u011fi i\u00e7in ortada haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle 3.ki\u015fi lehine me\u015fru savunmada bulunulabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin askerli\u011fe elveri\u015fsiz hale getirmek i\u00e7in kendisini yaralayan veya intihar etmek gibi hallerde. Me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmleri faile birlikte uygulanamaz. (H\u00fcsn\u00fc Aldemir, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler Rehberi, s.327-350)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sald\u0131rgana yap\u0131lan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, bu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan savunmada bulunan \u015fahsa kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten daha hafif, ona e\u015fit ya da ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131lanabilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 durumunda orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 (Toroslu, Ceza Hukuku, s. 162)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay\u00a0 bakkal d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunan meyve ve sebzeleri korumak i\u00e7in tel kafes ile sar\u0131p geceleyin i\u015f yerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fckkandan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 tel kablo ile 220 volt elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tel kafesine verdi\u011fi ve olay g\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u011fmurdan korunmak i\u00e7in d\u00fckkan\u0131n alt\u0131na gelen ma\u011fdurun telin elektrik verilmi\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131na temas ederek \u00f6lmesi \u015feklindeki eylemde offendiculan\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n eylemin olas\u0131 kast ve taksir kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD’nin 12.12.2001 21795 (Aktaran Hakeri, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s. 256) <\/em>Sald\u0131rgana g\u00f6re elinde daha nitelikli bir ara\u00e7 olan ki\u015fi, bu arac\u0131 daha etkin \u015fekilde kullanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 varken yeterli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullanarak sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 def etmi\u015f ise elindeki ara\u00e7 daha nitelikli olsa bile ara\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda denge oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kendisine balta veya b\u0131\u00e7ak ile sald\u0131ran \u015fahs\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na ate\u015fli silah\u0131 ile tek el ate\u015f eden ki\u015finin eyleminde ya da bir boks\u00f6r\u00fcn yumruklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz ve ya\u015fl\u0131 birinin silah kullanmas\u0131 halinde ara\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda oran\u0131n sa\u011flanarak me\u015fru savunmada oran \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak kendisini sopa ile d\u00f6ven bir kimseyi kolundan ya da baca\u011f\u0131ndan yaralayarak sald\u0131r\u0131dan kurtulabilecekken ate\u015fli silahla \u00f6ld\u00fcren ki\u015finin eyleminde oran\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilemez. (Parlar- Hatipo\u011flu: T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, s.448;Artuk-G\u00f6k\u00e7en-Yenid\u00fcnya, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s. 531-532; Parlar- Hatipo\u011flu: T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, s.448; Zafer: Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.224; \u00d6zen, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa, s.124)<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0130ri c\u00fcsseli bir ki\u015fi ya da boks\u00f6r ile, fiziken zay\u0131f ve c\u0131l\u0131z yap\u0131da olan ki\u015filerin<\/strong><\/span> sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunmada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 halinde ellerinde silah olmasa bile e\u015fit durumda olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. Zira aksi durumun kabul\u00fc, zay\u0131f yap\u0131da olan ki\u015fiyi kaderine terk etmek anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu durum, insanlar\u0131 korumaya hedefleyen hukukun temel amac\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin elinde balta ile sald\u0131ran 1.90 cm boyunda 100 kg. a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir sald\u0131rgana 1.65 cm boyunda 65 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir \u015fahs\u0131n tabanca ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermesi halinde me\u015fru savunmada \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. (\u00d6zen, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa, s.124-125, \u00d6zbek – Kanbur – Do\u011fan – Bacaks\u0131z – Tepe, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu Yorumu, s.286-287,-Yarg\u0131tay 1.CD’nin, 2009\/9114 E,2013\/694 K, 30\/01\/2013 Tarihli Karar\u0131,-Y.C.G.K’nun 2\/370\/7550 Say\u0131l\u0131 ve 01.03.1998 Tarihli Karar\u0131)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kasten a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/strong><\/span> ba\u015fta me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda eylemine ba\u015flayan failin, savunmada bulunurken sald\u0131rgan aleyhine sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunma aras\u0131ndaki oran\u0131 kasten ihlal etmesidir. Burada failin kast\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan ya da olas\u0131 kast olmas\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k yaratmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle me\u015fru savunma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kasten ya da olas\u0131 kastla a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan failin eyleminde me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanamayacakt\u0131r. Zira, me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kast olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde yani s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n basit ya da bilin\u00e7li taksirle a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda uygulama alan\u0131 bulacakt\u0131r. (\u015eahin, \u201cYasal Savunma\u201d s.13-14; Artuk-G\u00f6k\u00e7en-Yenid\u00fcnya, Genel h\u00fck\u00fcmler, s.592) <\/em>Hukuka uygunluk sebeplerinde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 taksirle a\u015fmada ki\u015fi, hukuka uygunluk sebeplerinden yararlanma kast\u0131 ile hareket etmekte ancak kendisinden beklenen dikkat ve \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Fail, daha dikkatli ve \u00f6zenli davransayd\u0131, savunmada sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defedecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesinde eylemde bulundu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenebilecek durumda oldu\u011fundan, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda taksir derecesinde sorumlu tutulmaktad\u0131r. Bu anlamda, eylem b\u00fct\u00fcnen de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Failin bu a\u015fk\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131m y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in taksir durumunun genel ilkelere g\u00f6re belirlenmesinin yan\u0131nda i\u015flenen fiilin taksirli halinin su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlenip d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011fi de belirlenmelidir. (Y.C.G.K’nun 2013\/1-26 E, 2013\/150 K, 16\/04\/2013)<\/em> Yarg\u0131tay, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131 durumunda, ak\u015fam \u00fczeri sarho\u015f vaziyette san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu evin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan tuvalet penceresinden tuvalete, oradan da i\u00e7eri a\u00e7\u0131lan tuvalet kap\u0131s\u0131ndan geceleyin eve girerek san\u0131\u011fa, annesine ve yengesine cinsel ili\u015fkiye girmek istedi\u011fini de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyan sald\u0131rgan hareketlerde bulunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n av t\u00fcfe\u011fi ile bir el ate\u015f ederek maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eyleminde, me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n heyecan, korku ve tela\u015fla a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.(Y.C.G.K’ nun 2007\/1-281E, 2008\/37 K, 26.02.2008) <\/em>Yarg\u0131tay bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 ya da tekrar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi durumda, maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011fa tokat vurup onu yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra ona b\u0131\u00e7akla sald\u0131r\u0131p boynundan yaralamas\u0131 ve maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131na al\u0131p eylemine devam etme ihtimali nedeniyle san\u0131\u011f\u0131n maktul\u00fc m\u00fcstakilen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc nitelikte 4 b\u0131\u00e7ak darbesi vurarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi eyleminde ya da \u201cvur lan delikanl\u0131 isen” \u015feklinde s\u00f6zler sarf ederek elindeki b\u0131\u00e7akla san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine gelen maktul\u00fcn uyar\u0131ya ra\u011fmen san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine gelmeye devam etmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan tek el ate\u015f etmek suretiyle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi eyleminde me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n heyecan, korku ve tela\u015fla a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. (Yarg\u0131tay 1. CD’nin 2008\/8943 Esas, 2012\/2650 Karar, 04\/06\/2012 Tarihli Karar\u0131,-\u201dYarg\u0131tay 1.C.D’nin 2009\/6352 Esas, 2012\/3342 Karar, 30\/04\/2012 Tarihli Karar\u0131)<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0130lk haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ba\u015flatmak suretiyle bu fiilin muhatab\u0131 olan ki\u015fi, bu tepkiye katlanmak zorundad\u0131r. Her iki taraf\u0131n da ayn\u0131 anda me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda hareket etmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Haks\u0131z tahrik ile me\u015fru savunma, farkl\u0131 hukuki kurumlard\u0131r. Haks\u0131z Tahrik;<\/strong><\/span> sona ermi\u015f veya hen\u00fcz devam etmekle birlikte, savunma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu olmayan ve duyulan elem ve \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn sonucu olarak tepki vermeye neden olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, haks\u0131z tahrike tepki olarak i\u015flenen fiilin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi s\u00fcrmektedir. Me\u015fru savunma<\/strong> <\/span>ise, derhal sona erdirilmesi gereken bir sald\u0131r\u0131 veya sald\u0131r\u0131 tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 korunma amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmekte ve savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 bu fiil hukuka uygun kabul edilmektedir. Me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu hallerde, haks\u0131z tahrik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 da olu\u015ftu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir ise de, haks\u0131z tahrikin olu\u015ftu\u011fu her durumda me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, me\u015fru savunman\u0131n kabul edilmesi durumunda beraat karar\u0131 verilece\u011finden, haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131na olanak ve gerek bulunmamaktad\u0131r. (\u00d6zbek, C.1.2005, s.321) (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi \u2013 Esas No: 2010\/13738, Karar No: 2012\/30870, Tarih: 20.09.2012).<\/em><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 haklara tecav\u00fcz edilmesi me\u015fru savunmay\u0131 gerektiren sald\u0131r\u0131 kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisine girmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin hakaret edilmesi halinde me\u015fru savunmadan yararlan\u0131lamaz. Hakaret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ise TCK Md 129 gere\u011fince ceza verilmeyebilir. Yine o an i\u00e7in bir sald\u0131r\u0131 veya tehlike yaratmayan bi\u00e7imindeki seni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcm, kur\u015funa dizerim vb. tehditler de me\u015fru savunmay\u0131 gerektiren sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde kabul edilemez. S\u00f6z atma bi\u00e7imindeki namusa\/cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131 da me\u015fru savunmay\u0131 gerektirir nitelikte de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel olmas\u0131,<\/strong><\/span> o anda bu tehlikeye neden olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu nedenle tehdit ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel olmamas\u0131 durumunda me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fulu olu\u015fmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131, faili bilinen bir insandan kaynaklanmal\u0131 ve tepki de o ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelmelidir. Bu nedenle sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ba\u015flatan ki\u015finin bilinememesi\/belirlenememesi durumunda, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan s\u00f6z edilemez.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etmesi zorunlu olmay\u0131p, genel olarak hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 yeterlidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etmekteyse, icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/span>. \u0130cra hareketlerine ba\u015flan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, savunmaya ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ise, sald\u0131r\u0131 ko\u015fulu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Bu halde, yan\u0131lma (Hata)<\/em> \u015fartlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin kuru s\u0131k\u0131 tabanca ile kendisini kovalayan ki\u015fiye ate\u015f ederek \u00f6ld\u00fcren \u015fahs\u0131n eylemi y\u00fcksek mahkemece me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.(1.CD.1672\/2574)<\/em><\/p>\n

Bir hukuka uygunluk nedenine dayal\u0131 olarak fiil icra eden ki\u015fiye me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaada bulunulamaz. \u00d6rne\u011fin yakalama emri \u00fczerine kendisini yakalamak isteyen kolluk g\u00f6revlisine veya su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc hali nedeniyle yakalama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getiren herhangi bir ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaada bulunulamaz. Ancak su\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fc halinde \u015f\u00fcpheliyi yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sivil \u015fahs\u0131n silahla ate\u015f etmesi \u00fczerine, kendisini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015f\u00fcphelinin de ate\u015f edip onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi durumunda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlanabilir. Zira kanun koyucu kolluk g\u00f6revlileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ki\u015filere silah kullanma yetkisi vermemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan kamu g\u00f6revlisinin g\u00f6revinin\/yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak veya keyfi davranarak, yetkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde cebir veya tehditte bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, g\u00f6revliye kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada bulunulabilinir.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 failinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fildir. Sald\u0131rgan\u0131n ki\u015fisel cezas\u0131zl\u0131k nedeninden yararlanacak olmas\u0131 halinde de bu ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaada bulunulabilir.<\/p>\n

Hayvan\u0131n insanlar i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ortam\u0131 yaratmak kast\u0131yla haks\u0131z davran\u0131\u015fta bulunan ki\u015fi me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlanamaz<\/strong><\/span>. \u015eayet ki\u015fi, s\u0131rf kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa zarar vermek i\u00e7in bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 tahrik etmek suretiyle kendisini savunma konumuna sokmu\u015f ise bu ki\u015finin, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkiye kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilecektir. (ALACAKAPTAN,1975,sf.108-109)<\/em><\/p>\n

Haks\u0131z tahrik olu\u015fturan ve kasten i\u015flenen bir eylem ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde ise, tahrik edenin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ma\u011fdurenin \u0131rz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131 halinde olan A n\u0131n \u00fczerine do\u011fru, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi lehine me\u015fru savunmada maksad\u0131yla\u00a0 b\u0131\u00e7akla gelen B ye tabancas\u0131yla ate\u015f edip \u00f6ld\u00fcren\u00a0 A, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlanamaz. Fakat sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011findeki ilk haks\u0131z davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n taksire dayanmas\u0131 durumunda , buna mukabil olarak yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilinir.<\/p>\n

Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaaya kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlan\u0131lamaz<\/strong><\/span>. (1.CD.2306\/3179,15.11.2000)<\/em><\/p>\n

Savunma, sald\u0131r\u0131ya g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde orant\u0131s\u0131z ise, ilk haks\u0131z davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapan ki\u015fi me\u015fru savunmadan bulunabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin fail ma\u011fdura ta\u015fla sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f iken, ma\u011fdurun da ona b\u0131\u00e7akla veya av t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle hamle yaparak savunmaya ge\u00e7mesi halinde, ya\u015fam hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bu a\u011f\u0131r\/a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tepkiye kar\u015f\u0131 failin de benzer ara\u00e7larla me\u015fru savunma hakk\u0131 do\u011facakt\u0131r.(Ekinci\/\u00d6zcan, Kasten Adam \u00d6ld\u00fcrme Su\u00e7lar\u0131, s.354)<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00fcello halinde<\/strong><\/span> me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa de\u011fil ko\u015fullar\u0131 varsa haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmleri vuku bulabilir. Kavgaya davet ve bu davete icabet halinde, davet eden ki\u015fi de icabet eden ki\u015fi de me\u015fru savunmadan istifade edemez. Zira burada daveti kabul eden ki\u015fi derhal defedilmesi gereken yak\u0131n ya da mevcut bir sald\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir. Davet eden ki\u015fi ise, bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 ona zarar vermek i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmakta, savunma g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle de\u011fil d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir zarar verme g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle hareket etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kavga halinde<\/strong><\/span> taraflar, kendilerini korumak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa zarar vermek i\u00e7in hareket etmekte olup, her iki taraf\u0131n da iradesi, ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndedir. Nitekim kavga , d\u00fc\u015fmanca\u00a0 davran\u0131\u015f ve s\u00f6zlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7eki\u015fme ve d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f, m\u00fcnazaa anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirme sonucunda somut olay\u0131n bir kavga hadisesi oldu\u011funun tespit edilmesi halinde, her iki taraf\u0131n da i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilin su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etti\u011fi kabul edilerek\u00a0 taraflar\u0131n ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 cihetine gidilecektir. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendini korumaktan ziyade kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa vurma iradesi, birbirlerine vurma gibi olaylarda kavga vuku buldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Taraflar\u0131n ya da taraflardan birinin s\u00fcrekli olarak haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 gezmesi ya da olay yerine haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 gelmesi (silah, b\u0131\u00e7ak vb. sald\u0131r\u0131ya elveri\u015fli bir ara\u00e7la)<\/em> somut olay\u0131n direkt kavga olarak nitelendirilmesi sonucunu do\u011furmaz. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma \u00f6ncesi ya\u015fananlar, silah\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nma gerek\u00e7esi, silah\u0131n edinilme \u015fekli, taraflar\u0131n olay yerinde bulunma gerek\u00e7eleri, silah\u0131n kullan\u0131lma gerek\u00e7esi gibi hususlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131narak, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa halinin mi yoksa kavga halinin mi bulundu\u011fu tespit edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Bir taraf\u0131n, di\u011fer taraf\u0131 kendisine zarar vermesi i\u00e7in k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131<\/strong><\/span> hali de her iki taraf i\u00e7in de kavga niteli\u011findedir. Bu ba\u011flamda taraflardan biri \u00f6rne\u011fin hadi vursana, erkeksen s\u0131kars\u0131n, gel bir dene bakal\u0131m bana g\u00fcc\u00fcn yetecek mi gibi s\u00f6zlerle di\u011fer taraf\u0131 kendisine zarar vermeye k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f ve bunun sonucunda kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015fsa, k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan taraf\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 nitelikteki bu fiilleri kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 savunma pozisyonuna sokan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011finde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, sald\u0131ran taraf\u0131n me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda hareket etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan taraf ise kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendisine y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak bilin\u00e7li olarak kendisini savunan pozisyonuna soktu\u011fu i\u00e7in onun da me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda hareket etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/strong><\/span> Ancak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermemesi halinde kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa zarar verme tehdidini de i\u00e7eriyorsa bu durumda k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lan taraf\u0131n me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda hareket etti\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bununla birlikte kavga halinin mevcut oldu\u011fu her durumda iki taraf\u0131n da me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda hareket edemeyece\u011finin ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi isabetli de\u011fildir. \u00d6nceden anla\u015f\u0131lan kapsam\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 veya taraflardan birinin kavgay\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deklare etmesi durumlar\u0131nda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n\u00a0 ko\u015fullar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Kavga halinin mevcut oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fi halde taraflardan birinin yan\u0131nda kavgaya i\u015ftirak edip, kavgaya sonradan dahil olanlar hakk\u0131nda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanamaz. Kavga halinde y\u00fcksek mahkeme ilk haks\u0131z hareketin kimden geldi\u011finin tespit edilerek sadece onun lehine haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. ilk haks\u0131z hareketi, ilk kimin i\u015fledi\u011fi tespit edilemiyorsa, bu t\u00fcr bir durumda \u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r ilkesi gere\u011fince her iki tarafa da TCK Md 29 h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn tatbik edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk haks\u0131z hareketin\/sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hangi taraftan geldi\u011finin belirlenemedi\u011fi\/bilinemedi\u011fi hallerde her iki taraf i\u00e7in de me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanamaz.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde sonra erdikten sonra<\/strong><\/span> yap\u0131lan eylem, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilemez. Muhtemel\/olas\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya veya sonlanm\u0131\u015f ancak tekrar\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemel ve ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen farazi bir <\/strong>sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma olamaz.<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin sald\u0131rgan\u0131n elindeki b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 al\u0131p sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 def ettikten sonra bu b\u0131\u00e7akla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen eylem, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilmez. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, savunma an\u0131nda halen var olmas\u0131 veya sonlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, mevcut somut verilerle tekrar\u0131n\u0131n kuvvetle muhtemel ve ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gereklidir. Me\u015fru Savunma i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0130cras\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir sald\u0131r\u0131, <\/strong><\/li>\n
  • \u0130cras\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak bir sald\u0131r\u0131, <\/strong><\/li>\n
  • \u0130cra edilmi\u015f fakat tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 gerekmektedir. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ba\u015flama ihtimalinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu hallerde veya sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz \u015fekilde bitti\u011fi hallerde,<\/strong><\/span> me\u015fru savunma hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n

    Sald\u0131r\u0131 bir hakka y\u00f6nelik bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131 hukuken korunan herhangi bir yarara\/de\u011fere kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011finde me\u015fru savunmadan yararlan\u0131labilinir. Hukuk\u00e7a korunmaya de\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fclen\u00a0 t\u00fcm haklara y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunmada bulunulabilinir.<\/strong><\/span> (V\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Konut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ki\u015fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, m\u00fclkiyet ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 vb.)<\/em> \u00d6rne\u011fin laf at\u0131lan gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7antas\u0131yla sald\u0131rgana vurmas\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Failin, me\u015fru savunma ile korunmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir hakk\u0131 korumas\u0131 halinde me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden yararlanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kom\u015fusunun arazisinde sahip oldu\u011fu ge\u00e7it hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u015fusunu darp eden fail me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden yararlanamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131 me\u015fru savunma ile korunabilecek bir hakka yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanmas\u0131 yeterli oldu\u011fundan, fiilen sald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fclmemelidir. Zira bu halde sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi durumunda ma\u011fdurun savunma olana\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0130cra hareketlerine ba\u015flan\u0131lmakla birlikte, hen\u00fcz fiilen ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f olan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak bir sald\u0131r\u0131 tehlikesinin bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin elinde b\u0131\u00e7akla veya silahla gelinmesi veya elindeki silah\u0131 doldur bo\u015falt yap\u0131p kurmas\u0131 halinde sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ma\u011fdurenin \u0131rz\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 amac\u0131yla yatak odas\u0131n\u0131n cam\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnada i\u00e7erdeki ma\u011fdure taraf\u0131ndan ate\u015f edilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcrme olay\u0131 me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. (1.CD.24.10.1991,2135\/2393)<\/em> Burada savunma mecburiyetinin ve aciliyetinin maddi olaya g\u00f6re tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede savunan, kendisini savunmak i\u00e7in ilk yumru\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131 taraftan at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek zorunda de\u011fildir. E\u011fer kendisine yumruk at\u0131lmak \u00fczere ise, sald\u0131rgandan \u00f6nce davran\u0131p bu yumru\u011fun at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Madde gerek\u00e7esindeki ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak ifadesi ile anlat\u0131lmak istenen husus budur. Hi\u00e7 kimseden kendisini savunmak amac\u0131yla harekete ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in kendisine do\u011frultulan tabancan\u0131n ate\u015flenmesini beklemesi istenemez; veya e\u011fer d\u00fc\u015fman silah\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve ona do\u011fru ko\u015fuyorsa, o merminin g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne saplanmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemeden \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131na silahla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilir. (HUME,D; Commentaries on the law of scotland respecting crimes, 4th edn, 1844, sf.229)<\/em><\/p>\n

    Korunan de\u011fer \u00fczerinde zarar g\u00f6rme tehlikesinin do\u011fdu\u011fu an\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve derhal harekete ge\u00e7medi\u011fi takdirde korunan hukuki de\u011ferin zarar g\u00f6rmesinin engellenmesinin g\u00fc\u00e7 ya da imkans\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131 hallerde<\/strong> <\/span>sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin muhakkak oldu\u011funun kabul edilmesi gerekir. (Hakeri s.325, \u00d6nder s.244, Erem-Dan\u0131\u015fman-Artuk s.575, \u00d6z\u00fct\u00fcrk s.133)<\/em> \u00d6rne\u011fin bomban\u0131n 30 g\u00fcn sonra aktive olmas\u0131 ve son g\u00fcn dahi bu patlaman\u0131n engellenmesi kesin ise ve bu durum ma\u011fdur taraf\u0131ndan da bilinmekteyse, patlaman\u0131n engellenmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu son ana kadar sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin muhakkak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmelidir. Sald\u0131r\u0131 sonucunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131n belirsiz oldu\u011fu veya her an olmas\u0131 durumunda zarar tehlikesinin do\u011fdu\u011fu andan itibaren, ele ge\u00e7irilen ilk f\u0131rsatta sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bertaraf edilmesine y\u00f6nelik eylemler me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Ki\u015finin elini beline atmas\u0131, arabay\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00fcrmesi, mutfaktan b\u0131\u00e7ak almaya gitmesi, ikaz edilmesine ra\u011fmen elindeki b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 b\u0131rakmamas\u0131 gibi hallerde, objektif olarak harekete ge\u00e7ilmemesi durumunda zarar\u0131n meydana gelmesinin engellenemeyece\u011fi endi\u015fesi yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bertaraf edilmesine y\u00f6nelik orant\u0131l\u0131 eylemler me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sadece senin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcm \u015feklinde tehdide kar\u015f\u0131 silahla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vererek \u015fahs\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilemez. K\u0131sacas\u0131 hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve tecr\u00fcbe kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan, savunana ya da ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait hukuk\u00e7a korunan bir de\u011fere zarar vermeye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ve derhal harekete ge\u00e7ilmedi\u011fi takdirde \u00f6nlenmesinin g\u00fc\u00e7 ya da imkans\u0131z oldu\u011fu bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmek \u00fczere oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa,<\/strong><\/span> sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin muhakkak oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. \u0130lk sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ba\u015flatan sald\u0131rgan, sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bunu kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak ya da davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde iletmi\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf da bu duruma vak\u0131f olmu\u015fsa, art\u0131k ortada mevcut bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Savunan\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tekrarlanmayaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin oluncaya kadar savunmaya matuf fiilleri i\u015flemeye hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r. Tekrardan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n kuvvetle muhtemel oldu\u011fu, savunan\u0131n bu konuda endi\u015feye d\u00fc\u015fmesini hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek maddi vak\u0131alar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (yeniden sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat kollamak, intikam s\u00f6zleri vs.)<\/em> gibi hususlar ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen veya ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme ya da tekrar edilme tehlikesi bulunan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, failin \u00f6yle zannetmesi durumunda hata\/yan\u0131lma hali vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan korku ve tela\u015ftan dolay\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda ceza verilmez. (Md.27\/2) Me\u015fru savunmaya ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullardan \u201c\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ya da orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ko\u015fulunun, savunma lehine ihlal edilmesi suretiyle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. E\u011f<\/span>er fail, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu heyecan, korku ve tela\u015fla de\u011fil de bir kin ve intikam duygusuyla sald\u0131r\u0131ya cevap verirse,<\/strong> <\/span>me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir. Failin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu psikolojik ortam me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131l\u0131p a\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurul Karar\u0131 \u2013 Esas No: 2012\/1-1286, Karar No: 2012\/1-1286, Tarih: 28.05.2013)-(Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu – Karar : 2015\/314)<\/em><\/p>\n

    5237 sy. TCK m 25\/1 de yer alan gerek kendisine ve gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenlemeden, haklar aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m ya da s\u0131n\u0131rlama yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakka y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda korunabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hak, hukukun korudu\u011fu menfaattir. E\u015flerden birinin di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 sadakatsizli\u011fi, aldat\u0131lan e\u015fin \u015feref ve haysiyetine sald\u0131r\u0131 te\u015fkil etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, aldat\u0131lan e\u015fi savunma pozisyonuna sokacak bir nitelik arz etmedi\u011finden, aldatan e\u015fe y\u00f6nelik fiiller me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fil, haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilir. Cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hakk\u0131 uyar\u0131nca r\u0131zas\u0131 bulunmayan e\u015f, kendisine di\u011fer e\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6neltilen cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131 eylemine kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa eyleminde bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

    Kamu d\u00fczeninin genel olarak ihlal edilmesine topluma y\u00f6nelik fiiller, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir \u015fahs\u0131n ki\u015fisel hakk\u0131n\u0131 da ihlal etmiyorsa, savunmaya konu bir haktan bahsedilemez. Ayr\u0131ca, devlete veya di\u011fer kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015filerine ait hukuki de\u011ferler de ancak ki\u015fisel hukuki de\u011ferleri de ihlal ediyorsa me\u015fru savunman\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturabilir.<\/strong><\/span> Yarg\u0131tay; g\u00fcvenlik amac\u0131yla geceleyin i\u015fyerini el feneriyle kontrol etti\u011fi s\u0131rada, makt\u00fcl ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fyeri i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6ren san\u0131\u011f\u0131n 2-3 metre mesafeden hedef g\u00f6zeterek tabanca ile birden fazla el ate\u015f etmesi sonucu h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k amac\u0131yla i\u015f yerine giren ki\u015filerden birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi olay\u0131nda me\u015fru savunma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. (1.CD.3.12.2009,2009\/8688-2009\/7458)<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi yarar\u0131na me\u015fru savunmada bulunan\u0131n, 3.ki\u015fiyle yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmedi\u011finden,\u00a0 herhangi bir ki\u015fi 3. ki\u015fi lehine me\u015fru savunmada bulunabilir.<\/strong> <\/span>\u00d6rne\u011fin tehditkar s\u00f6zlerle birlikte annesinin ba\u015f\u0131na tabanca dayay\u0131p s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve yere \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcren ki\u015fiye, tabancas\u0131 ile ate\u015f edip \u00f6ld\u00fcren failin eyleminde me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunmaya ili\u015fkin t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 3. ki\u015finin bireysel olarak tasarrufta bulunaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131 \u00fczerinde kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 veya m\u00fcdahale edilmesini istememesi gibi hallerde, 3. ki\u015fi yarar\u0131na me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan s\u00f6z edilemez. Ancak sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan\u0131n ciddi \u015fekilde can g\u00fcvenli\u011finin (Ya\u015fam Hakk\u0131)<\/em> bulunmas\u0131 vs. gibi hallerde r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 orant\u0131l\u0131 savunmada bulunulabilinir. 3. Ki\u015finin sald\u0131r\u0131ya r\u0131za g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine dair zahiri s\u00f6yleminden \u00e7ok, olay an\u0131ndaki korku ve endi\u015fe nedeniyle bu beyanlarda bulunabilece\u011fi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    SAVUNMAYA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N KO\u015eULLAR :<\/strong> <\/span>Savunma; sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 koyma anlam\u0131na gelir. Sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmek amac\u0131yla sald\u0131rgana y\u00f6neltilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fiildir. Me\u015fru savunman\u0131n kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in;\u00a0 sald\u0131r\u0131 veya \u00e7ok yak\u0131n tehlikenin derhal ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n

    Sald\u0131r\u0131 veya tehlikenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in derhal savunmada bulunmak gerekmiyor ve sonraki bir zamanda da giderilebilecek durumda ise, me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fulu olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntemle defedilmesinin olanakl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, savunma zorunlulu\u011fu da yok say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.(\u00d6zgen\u00e7 T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler s.316)<\/em> Ancak ba\u015fka t\u00fcr y\u00f6ntemlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in \u015fah\u0131slardan baz\u0131 ki\u015filik de\u011ferlerinden fedakarl\u0131kta bulunmas\u0131 (yalvarmas\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemesi, vb.)<\/em> veya \u00e7ok cesurca davran\u0131p kahramanl\u0131k yapmas\u0131, kendisini tehlikeye atmas\u0131 istenemez.<\/p>\n

    Savunana, kural olarak, ka\u00e7ma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcklenemez.<\/span> Ancak savunana y\u00f6nelik bir sald\u0131r\u0131 mevcut ya da yak\u0131nsa, savunan \u00f6ncelikle olanak dahilinde; ikaz etmek, \u00e7evrede bulunanlardan yard\u0131m istemek, devlet kuvvetlerinden yard\u0131m istemek veya geri \u00e7ekilmek suretiyle tehlikenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi yerde bulunmamak suretiyle g\u00fcven i\u00e7erisinde sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defedebilecekse, \u00f6ncelikle bu alternatiflerin denenmesi gerekir.<\/strong><\/span> (Y.1.CD.2009\/3187 E.2012\/7283 K.)<\/em> Savunan\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir zarar yaratma durumu s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde, olay yerinden uzakla\u015fma\/ka\u00e7ma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ancak savunan kolluk g\u00f6revlisine ve 3.ki\u015filerin savunulmas\u0131 hallerinde geri \u00e7ekilme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcklenemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin sald\u0131ran ki\u015finin silah\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 suretiyle etkisiz hale getirilmesi sonras\u0131nda savunmada bulunulmas\u0131\u00a0 halinde devam eden sald\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda bir eylem de yoktur. Geceleyin san\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcfesinden h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 def etmek i\u00e7in makt\u00fcl\u00fc tam g\u00f6remeden rasgele yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 at\u0131\u015flardan birinin isabet edip \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi bi\u00e7imindeki olayda savunma zorunlulu\u011fu ve orant\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.(1.CD.16.7.2008, 2007\/6814-2008\/6009).<\/em><\/p>\n

    Savunman\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131ya y\u00f6nelmesi ve sald\u0131ran ki\u015fi veya ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya i\u015ftirak etmeyen ki\u015fiye savunmada bulunup zarar veren ki\u015fi cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n savunma i\u00e7eren hareketin sapma sonucu<\/span> di\u011fer bir kimseye\u00a0 zarar verilmesi durumunda<\/strong><\/span> da me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Savunman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 yani, sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ki\u015finin bunu f\u0131rsat bilerek, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz, dengesiz bi\u00e7imde \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir sonuca yol a\u00e7acak tepkide bulunmas\u0131, eylemi hakl\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131r. Savunman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 ara\u00e7ta orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ve konuda orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k \u015feklinde ikiye ayr\u0131larak incelenecektir;<\/p>\n

    Ara\u00e7ta Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k : <\/strong><\/span>Sald\u0131r\u0131da kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ile savunmada kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda makul bir denge bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Mutlak anlamda e\u015fitlik ve ayn\u0131l\u0131k aranmaz. Esas olan sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmeye yeterli bir arac\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ara\u00e7ta orant\u0131n\u0131n; salt kullan\u0131lan arac\u0131n cinsiyle de\u011fil, olaya ve taraflara \u00f6zg\u00fc di\u011fer ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekir. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ki\u015finin o s\u0131rada savunma i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fi di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan risk ta\u015f\u0131maktaysa, mutlaka e\u015fde\u011fer bir ara\u00e7la kar\u015f\u0131 koymas\u0131 beklenemez. Hatta, sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lacak olan arac\u0131n, sald\u0131ran\u0131nkinden ,\u00fcst\u00fcn olmas\u0131 gerekir ki, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olsun, sald\u0131r\u0131da \u0131srar edilirse de \u00f6nleyici olsun. Sopa veya ta\u015fla sald\u0131rana ya da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ki\u015finin tekme tokat sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tek imkan\u0131 olan tabancayla savunmada bulunulmas\u0131 halinde de orant\u0131l\u0131 savunmadan s\u00f6z edilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir ka\u00e7 ki\u015finin d\u00f6vmek \u00fczere gelmesine istinaden korkutmak amac\u0131yla havaya ate\u015f edilmesi me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kullan\u0131lan arac\u0131n gerekenden fazla \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da savunmay\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin baca\u011fa veya havaya ate\u015f edilmesi suretiyle sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bertaraf edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn iken direk kafaya ni\u015fan alarak sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Kalabal\u0131k bir grubun elinde ta\u015f ve sopalarla sald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ihtar at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla durmamalar\u0131 sonucunda yaralanmalar\u0131, fiziken \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ki\u015finin zay\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131 ma\u011fdura b\u0131\u00e7akla sald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ma\u011fdurun elindeki av t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle onu basit bir yaralama ile durduramayaca\u011f\u0131 inanc\u0131yla v\u00fccuduna ate\u015f ederek yaralamas\u0131 eylemleri, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Konuda Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k :<\/strong> <\/span>Sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ki\u015finin yarar\u0131 ile, savunma sonucunda zarar verilen sald\u0131rgana ait hukuki yararlar aras\u0131nda bir dengenin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in sald\u0131ran\u0131n ya\u015fam hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilip \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi halinde de konuda orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k bulunabilir. De\u011ferler aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir dengesizli\u011fin bulunmas\u0131 halinde, savunman\u0131n orant\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tokat atmak suretiyle bertaraf edilmesi olanakl\u0131 iken silahla yaralanmas\u0131 veya yaralayarak kurtulma olana\u011f\u0131 veya hayati b\u00f6lgelere ate\u015f etmeyerek defetme imkan\u0131 mevcut iken sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi durumlarda konuda orant\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Savunmada orant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k bulunmas\u0131 halinde savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demektir. Bu halde TCK md 27 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin elinde silah bulunmayan sald\u0131rgan\u0131n evin camlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmas\u0131 ve tehdit etmesi \u00fczerine silahla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi olay\u0131nda, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Orant\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, her somut olay ve taraflar kendi i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmeli, salt kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n cinsleri veya yarar\u0131n de\u011feri ile savunma aras\u0131ndaki denge de\u011fil; fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi yer ve zaman, taraflar\u0131n ya\u015f, cinsiyet, fiziki durumlar\u0131, olaydan \u00f6nceki ili\u015fkileri, olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 gibi t\u00fcm fakt\u00f6rler birlikte analize tabi tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tespitinde, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n ve savunan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ara\u00e7lar, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u0131srar\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131 imkan\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 (teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde sonlan\u0131p sonlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131), sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer ve zaman, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n olay \u00f6ncesindeki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, hedef se\u00e7me imkan\u0131,\u00a0 taraflar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ( ya\u015flar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131, cinsiyetleri, fiziki yap\u0131lar\u0131, kabiliyetleri, sarho\u015fluk hali vs.), tehlike alt\u0131ndaki de\u011ferin niteli\u011fi ve niceli\u011fi, savunan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ruh hali birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir.( Dr. Nam\u0131k Kemal Top\u00e7u, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafa,s.577-614)\u00a0 <\/em>Yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmede, savunan\u0131n, somut olayda sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 def edebilmek i\u00e7in daha az zarar verebilecek bir hareket yapma imkan\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, onun konumundaki ba\u015fka bir ki\u015finin de o an\u0131n hal ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ancak bu \u015fekilde hareket edebilece\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir durumun s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, me\u015fru savunman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede savunan\u0131n i\u015fledi\u011fi fiil me\u015frudur, hakl\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u00f6z konusu fiille ilgili olarak ba\u015fkaca bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n CMK 223\/2-d h\u00fckm\u00fc uyar\u0131nca beraat karar\u0131 verilecektir. (YCGK 2015\/1-1039 E.2016\/96 K.)<\/em><\/p>\n

    \n

    Savunmaya matuf fiilin tamamlanmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fildir. Te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda da kalm\u0131\u015f olsa me\u015fru savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanabilecektir.<\/p>\n

    E\u011fer fail, sald\u0131rgana y\u00f6nelik savunma kapsam\u0131nda bir fiil i\u015flerken de\u011fil de, \u00f6rne\u011fin oradan uzakla\u015f\u0131rken olayla ilgisi olmayan 3.bir ki\u015fiye zarar vermi\u015fse ortada savunmaya matuf i\u015flenen bir fiil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015flenen fiilin me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olmayacakt\u0131r. Ancak me\u015fru savunma esnas\u0131nda, dikkatsizlik sonucunda olayla ilgisi olmayan 3.ki\u015fiye zarar verilmi\u015fse, savunan, ko\u015fullar\u0131 mevcutsa ancak zorunluluk halinden istifade edebilir. Ancak yarg\u0131tay, sapma sonucunda 3.ki\u015filer \u00fczerinde meydana gelen taksirli neticenin de me\u015fru savunma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ifade etmektedir.(Y.1.CD.2008\/6620 E.2009\/1456 K, 12.CD.2019\/7675 E.2020\/1170 K.)<\/em><\/p>\n

    Savunmaya ili\u015fkin matuf fiil icrai suretle i\u015flenebilece\u011fi gibi ihmali suretle de i\u015flenebilir. Savunmaya ili\u015fkin fiil zarar neticesi do\u011furabilecek bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenebilece\u011fi gibi, tehdit gibi tehlike olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde de i\u015flenebilir.<\/p>\n

    Kabahat t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir fiilin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda i\u015flenebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n

    \u015eayet failin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ayarlayamamas\u0131n\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmek i\u00e7in gerekenden fazla oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na varamamas\u0131n\u0131n ve bu suretle de sald\u0131rgana gerekenden fazla tepki vermesinin sebebi u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131dan kaynakl\u0131 olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 heyecan, korku ve tela\u015f\u0131n onun olay\u0131 do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde alg\u0131lama, muhakeme etme ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ayarlayabilme yetene\u011fini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltmas\u0131ysa, fail bu nedenle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde karar alamam\u0131\u015f ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hukukun icaplar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirememi\u015fse, failin kusurlulu\u011fu\/k\u0131nanabilirli\u011fi onu cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 hakl\u0131 k\u0131lmayacak derecede azalm\u0131\u015fsa fail hakk\u0131nda 2.f\u0131kra h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulanacakt\u0131r. Burada failin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 heyecan, korku veya tela\u015f\u0131n boyutu, onu i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilden dolay\u0131 mazur g\u00f6recek a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktad\u0131r. (Y.CGK.2012\/1-1286 E.2013\/264 K.)<\/em> Heyecan; sevin\u00e7, korku, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k, sevgi vb. sebeplerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ge\u00e7ici duygu durumu, Korku; bir tehlike veya tehlike d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duyulan kayg\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, Tela\u015f; \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131ktan do\u011fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, karga\u015fa, kayg\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.(Dr. Nam\u0131k Kemal Top\u00e7u, Me\u015fru M\u00fcdafaa,s.713-714)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    ZORUNLULUK (ZARURET HAL\u0130) :<\/strong><\/span> Me\u015fru savunmada bir insandan kaynaklanan sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olup, sald\u0131ran ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 savunmada bulunulmaktad\u0131r. Zorunluluk halinde ise, tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 korunulmakta ve tehlike hakl\u0131 veya haks\u0131z olarak nitelenemeyen bir insan veya hayvan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ya da do\u011fa olay\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca zorunluluk halinde tehlikeyi uzakla\u015ft\u0131racak hareketin mutlaka tehlikeyi meydana getirene kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fildir. Tehlike ile i\u015flenen fiil aras\u0131nda nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere kendisine pusu kuruldu\u011funu fark eden ki\u015finin ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in bir bah\u00e7enin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmas\u0131 zorunluluk hali i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilecekken, hi\u00e7 gere\u011fi yokken bah\u00e7edeki arabaya da zarar vermesi ayn\u0131 kapsamda say\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. Me\u015fru savunmada haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r. Zorunluluk halinde mevcut olan tehlike ise, hakl\u0131 ya da haks\u0131z olarak nitelendirilmez. Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaada, sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 yapana kar\u015f\u0131 bir su\u00e7 i\u015flenir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla me\u015fru savunmada bulunan i\u00e7in tazminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Zorunluluk halinde ise fiil nedeniyle zarar g\u00f6ren, bu zorunluluk halinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani tehlikenin sorumlusu de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle zorunluluk hali nedeniyle fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren, bu ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat \u00f6demekle m\u00fckelleftir. Tehlike ile i\u015flenen fiil aras\u0131nda nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere kendisine pusu kuruldu\u011funu fark eden ki\u015finin ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in bir bah\u00e7enin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmas\u0131 zorunluluk hali i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilecekken, hi\u00e7 gere\u011fi yokken bah\u00e7edeki arabaya da zarar vermesi ayn\u0131 kapsamda say\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. Doktrinde hayvan sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 da zorunluluk hali kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Cebir ve \u015fiddet veya tehditle su\u00e7 i\u015flenmesi halinde, bir insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan failin iradesi zorlanmakta ve zorlayan\u0131n iradesiyle hareket ederek onun arac\u0131 durumuna gelmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u0131zt\u0131rar halinde tehlikenin insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 zorunlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, fail tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 korunmak maksad\u0131yla kendi iradesiyle hareket etmektedir. M\u00fccbir sebep<\/strong><\/span> de zorunluluk halinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fccbir sebepte zorlay\u0131c\u0131 (kar\u015f\u0131 konulamaz veya sak\u0131n\u0131lamaz) bir d\u0131\u015f kuvvet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda fail iradesini kullanma olana\u011f\u0131 bulamamakta, bu zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebebin etkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak zorunlu (irade d\u0131\u015f\u0131) bi\u00e7imde hareket etmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n zorunluluk halinde failin tehlikeden kurtulmaya y\u00f6nelik hareketi kendi iradesinden kaynaklanmakta olup, fail isterse hareketi yapmayabilir. Zorunluluk hali, kusuru ortadan kald\u0131ran bir sebeptir. Bu nedenle \u0131zt\u0131rar halinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumda CMK md 223\/3 gere\u011fince kusurun bulunmamas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, ceza verilmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar\u0131 verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

    \u015eartlar\u0131 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. A\u011f\u0131r bir tehlikenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n
    2. Tehlikenin bir hakka y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n
    3. Tehlikenin muhakkak olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n
    4. Tehlikeye bilerek neden olunmamas\u0131<\/strong> (CGK,19.12.2013,2012\/8-1551-2013\/64)-(CGK.8.5.2012,2011\/1-436-2012\/190)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Tehlikeye \u0130li\u015fkin \u015eartlar :<\/strong><\/p>\n

      A\u011f\u0131r Bir Tehlikenin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 :<\/strong><\/span> Tehlike, bir hakka zarar verme ihtimalinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Kanunda tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (m.25\/2). Bu nedenle zorunluluk halinden s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in herhangi bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktaki tehlike de\u011fil, a\u011f\u0131r vas\u0131fta bir tehlike bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 ile, hem tehlikenin ve hem de meydana getirece\u011fi zarar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan, bir insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131na, v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlaline veya di\u011fer bir hakk\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fekilde zarar g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7an tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. Tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ibaresi di\u011fer yandan, korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011ferin zarara u\u011frama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek ve yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu da ifade etmektedir. Tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re hakim taraf\u0131ndan takdir ve tayini gerekir. Zorunluluk hali, a\u00e7 veya susuz kalma, kazalar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 panik hali, \u00e7e\u015fitli olaylar nedeniyle insan psikolojisi veya biyolojisinin gereksinimlerinden de kaynaklanabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u00e7 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yiyecek \u00e7alma, annenin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi nedeniyle bebe\u011fin k\u00fcrtajla al\u0131nmas\u0131 bu \u015fekildedir. Azg\u0131n bir k\u00f6pe\u011fin veya hayvan\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n evine girilmesi de \u0131zt\u0131rar hali kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Tehlikenin Bir Hakka Y\u00f6nelik Olmas\u0131 :<\/span> <\/strong>Herhangi bir ki\u015filik hakk\u0131nda y\u00f6nelen tehlike nedeniyle zorunluluk haline ba\u015fvurulabilinir. Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ki\u015finin bir hastanede kalarak tedaviye zorlanmas\u0131, deprem gibi felaket ya da toplumsal olaylardan kurtulmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 ezerek ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunluluk hallerine \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir. 3.ki\u015fi lehine zorunluluk hali de mevcut olabilir. Burada 3.ki\u015finin failin akrabas\u0131, yak\u0131n\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fart olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kurtar\u0131lan ki\u015finin buna raz\u0131 olmas\u0131 da gerekli de\u011fildir. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131 da zorunluluk hali kapsam\u0131na girmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Tehlikenin Muhakkak Olmas\u0131 :<\/strong> <\/span>Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin derhal veya \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir gelecek i\u00e7inde kuvvetle muhtemel oldu\u011fu tehlikeyi ifade etmektedir. Derhal korunma hareketi yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde korunan hukuki de\u011fer, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar g\u00f6recektir.\u00a0 Tehlikenin halen mevcut bir tehlike olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Tehlikeye Bilerek Neden Olunmamas\u0131 :<\/span> <\/strong>Failin bilerek, yani kasten (do\u011frudan veya olas\u0131 kast) neden oldu\u011fu tehlikeden korunmak veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketler zorunluluk hali i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6r\u00fclemez. Ancak taksirli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla tehlikeye neden olan ki\u015fi, zorunluluk nedeninden yararlan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin orman\u0131 \u00f6nce yak\u0131p sonra yang\u0131ndan ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n trakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7alan fail, \u0131zt\u0131rar halinden yararlanamaz. Ancak otoban giri\u015fi sanarak otoban \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yoluna giren ve sonra hatas\u0131n\u0131 anlayarak geri vitesle d\u00f6nen ki\u015finin fiili zorunluluk hali kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Korunmaya \u0130li\u015fkin \u015eartlar :\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      Ba\u015fka Suretle Korunma Olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 Bulunmamas\u0131 :<\/strong> <\/span>Ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar verilmeden de tehlikeden kurtulma olana\u011f\u0131 varsa zorunluluk halinden faydalan\u0131lamaz. Tehlikenin ba\u015fka bir yolla \u00f6nlenmesi veya uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, tek uygun se\u00e7enek olmas\u0131 durumunda \u0131zt\u0131rar hali s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin tehlikeden ka\u00e7arak veya gizlenerek kurtulma olana\u011f\u0131 varken en kolay yolu se\u00e7ip ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131na zarar veren ki\u015fi, \u0131zt\u0131rar haliyle hareket etmi\u015f say\u0131lmaz. Tehlikeden kurtulmak i\u00e7in en az zarara yol a\u00e7acak y\u00f6ntemin se\u00e7ilmesi gerekir. Birden fazla kurtulma imkan\u0131 varsa, en az zarar veren tercih edilmelidir. Fail tehlikeden kurtulmak i\u00e7in taksirle veya kasten hareket edebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin vah\u015fi hayvan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak i\u00e7in ate\u015f eden ki\u015fi hataen arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse, zorunluluk halinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.\u00a0 Yine \u00fclkesindeki has\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan kurtulmak i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r ihlali yapmak yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan zorunluluk nedeni i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, pasaport kanununa ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan ceza verilemeyece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      Tehlikenin A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130le \u0130\u015flenen Fiil Aras\u0131nda Orant\u0131 Bulunmas\u0131 :<\/strong><\/span> Faile s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir yetki verilmemi\u015f, ancak \u00fcst\u00fcn veya dengeli bir de\u011fer i\u00e7in di\u011fer bir hakk\u0131n ihlal edilebilece\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Korunan hakk\u0131n, korunma amac\u0131yla feda edilen hakka g\u00f6re daha \u00fcst\u00fcn veya en az\u0131ndan onunla e\u015fit bir de\u011ferde oldu\u011fu hallerde, de\u011ferler aras\u0131nda orant\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 her durumda \u00fcst\u00fcn de\u011ferdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kalp krizi ge\u00e7iren ki\u015finin hastaneye yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in h\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu halde bir yayaya \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda zorunluluk halinden bahsedilemez. Dengenin fiilin i\u015flenmesindeki vas\u0131ta y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de analiz edilmesi gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u00e7 kalmas\u0131 sebebiyle\u00a0 birka\u00e7 ekmek \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda orant\u0131 var ise de t\u00fcm ekmeklerin \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131nda orant\u0131 yoktur. Sahipli hayvan mal kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Tehlikeye G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs Germe Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Bulunmamas\u0131 :<\/strong> <\/span>Hukuk d\u00fczeni tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ki\u015finin haklar\u0131n\u0131 riske koymas\u0131n\u0131 veya feda etmesini beklemekteyse, tehlikeden ka\u00e7mas\u0131 hukuken korunmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin askerler, kolluk g\u00fc\u00e7leri, itfaiyeciler, gemiciler, meslekleri gere\u011fi ter\u00f6r, silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 veya yang\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdahale etmekle g\u00f6revlidirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin batmakta olan bir gemideki yolcular\u0131 kurtarmadan kendileri bir filikaya binerek kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan denizciler, zorunluluk halinden faydalanamazlar. Hastal\u0131kla m\u00fccadele etmekle g\u00f6revli hekim salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k nedeniyle korkup tedaviden ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, s\u0131n\u0131rda n\u00f6bet tutan asker de d\u00fc\u015fman ate\u015finden korkarak \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 araca binip ka\u00e7amaz. Bu hallerde zorunluluk hali yoktur. \u0130ntihar etmek \u00fczere evinde yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015fiyi kurtarmak i\u00e7in, kap\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p i\u00e7eri girilebilir. Tehlikeye 3. ki\u015finin bilerek neden olmas\u0131 durumunda, tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda karar vermek durumunda olan ki\u015finin tehlikenin nedenini ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 beklenemeyece\u011finden, onun kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de zorunluluk halinden yararlan\u0131labilinir. (\u00d6nder, Ceza Hukuku Dersleri,s.256, Demirba\u015f,s.278,Centel\/Zafer\/\u00c7akmut,s.317) (Osman Ya\u015far\/Hasan Tahsin G\u00f6kcan\/Mustafa Artu\u00e7,T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu,1.Cilt, s.696-735)<\/em><\/p>\n

      \n

      Zorunluluk halinde tehlike, basit bir tehlike olmay\u0131p, a\u011f\u0131r ve muhakkak bir tehlikedir. Tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak sonucun da a\u011f\u0131r olaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015farettir. Failin tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 koymakla \u00f6devli olmamas\u0131 gerekir. (Do\u00e7.Dr.\u0130brahim \u015eahbaz, A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, s.235-236)<\/em><\/p>\n

      Bir insan\u0131n hayat kayb\u0131na, v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlaline veya bir hakk\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fekilde zarar g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7an tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Tehlikenin mutlaka o anda mevcut olmas\u0131 \u015fart olmay\u0131p, yak\u0131n tehlike, muhakkak tehlike i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilir. 3.ki\u015fi lehine zorunluluk halinde 3.ki\u015finin tehlikeden kurtulmak isteyip istememesinin veya tehlikenin fark\u0131nda olup olmamas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6nemi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Tehlike kasten de\u011fil de taksirli hareket neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa zorunluluk halinin bulundu\u011fu kabul edilir.\u00a0 \u0130snat yetene\u011fi bulunmayan kimselerin kasten hareketi sonucu meydana gelen tehlikelere kar\u015f\u0131 da zorunluluk hali kabul edilir. Tehlikeden kurtulmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka \u00e7are varken su\u00e7 say\u0131lan bir hareket yapan, tehlikeyi def edecek di\u011fer bir yol kullan\u0131lmadan do\u011frudan bir ki\u015fiye ait hakka zarar veren, tehlikeden ka\u00e7arak-gizlenerek kurtulabilecekken en kolay yolu se\u00e7ip ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar veren,<\/strong><\/span> devletin sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 koruma imkan\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar veren \u015fah\u0131s, zorunluluk halinden faydalanamaz.<\/span><\/strong> Korunan hak, feda edilen haktan \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu veya hi\u00e7 olmazsa ikisinin birbirine e\u015fit oldu\u011fu hallerde zorunluluk halinden s\u00f6z edilir. Korunan hakk\u0131n, ihlal edilen haktan daha \u00f6nemsiz nitelikte bulunmas\u0131 durumunda ise haklar aras\u0131nda orant\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Orant\u0131n\u0131n fiilin i\u015flenmesindeki vas\u0131ta y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de g\u00f6zetilmesi gerekir. (H\u00fcsn\u00fc Aldemir, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler Rehberi,<\/em> s.350-359)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      \u015eu hallerde zorunluluk halinin bulundu\u011fu kabul edilir;<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Deprem sonucunda a\u00e7\u0131lmayan evinin kap\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kamay\u0131nca kom\u015fusunun balkonuna ge\u00e7erek \u00e7\u0131kmak<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Denize \u00e7\u0131plak girdi\u011fi s\u0131rada elbiseleri \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131nca, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n elbisesini giyerek eve gitmek<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • \u00c7\u0131plak resimlerinin ba\u015fkas\u0131nca \u00e7ekildi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenip, \u015fantaj yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 korkusuyla bu resimleri \u00e7almak<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Yang\u0131n,sel,deprem gibi felaketten ya da toplumsal olaylardan (stadda panik \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gibi) kurtulmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 ezerek ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • \u00c7ocu\u011funun tedavisi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan ilac\u0131 alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7almak<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ki\u015finin bir hastanede kalarak tedaviye zorlanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Evini selden korumak i\u00e7in, suyun yolunu ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n bah\u00e7esine \u00e7evirmek<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Ba\u015fkalar\u0131nca d\u00f6v\u00fclmekte olan ki\u015finin, kurtulmak i\u00e7in bir ki\u015finin konutuna veya eklentisine girmek<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Vah\u015fi hayvan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalan ki\u015finin ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n konutuna girmesi<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • Vah\u015fi hayvan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtarmak amac\u0131yla ate\u015f edip, hataen kurtarmak istedi\u011fi arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • \u0130ntihar eden bir ki\u015finin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in evin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p evin i\u00e7erisine girilmesi.<\/strong><\/span> (Ya\u015far-G\u00f6kcan-Artu\u00e7;a.g.e.sh.639-640)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nB\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2021\/10345<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2022\/8251<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 25.10.2022<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        me\u015fru savunmada haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 savunmada bulunan ki\u015finin, o anki ruhsal durumuna g\u00f6re, mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku ve tela\u015fa kap\u0131larak bu durumun etkisiyle sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda gere\u011finden fazla kar\u015f\u0131 koymada fark\u0131nda olmadan, sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 savu\u015fturmaya yarayacak olandan fazla zarar vermesi gerekti\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, somut olayda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaralanmas\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi, maktule y\u00f6nelik ate\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 ve hedef al\u0131nan v\u00fccut b\u00f6lgeleri birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, TCK’nin 27\/2. mad. uygulanma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, etki ve tepki dengesi g\u00f6zetilerek maktulden gelen ve haks\u0131z tahrik olu\u015fturan davran\u0131\u015flar da nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, a\u011f\u0131r haks\u0131z tahrik alt\u0131nda kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7undan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine olu\u015fa uygun d\u00fc\u015fmeyen gerek\u00e7eler ve yan\u0131lg\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme sonucu ceza verilmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verilmesi yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nB\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2022\/4094<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2022\/7884<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 11.10.2022<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nin 27\/2. maddesinde, hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden sadece\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma\u00a0i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenleme \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

        1-\u00a0Me\u015fru\u00a0savunma\u00a0ile korunabilecek bir hakk\u0131n bulunmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        2- Sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n var olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        3- Savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlardan “\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ya da orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n,\u00a0savunma\u00a0lehine ihlal edilmesi suretiyle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        4- S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcm bu \u015fartlar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi h\u00e2linde,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fan faile CMK\u2019nin 223\/3-c maddesi uyar\u0131nca ceza verilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

        San\u0131\u011f\u0131n, maktul taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan, aral\u0131ks\u0131z sopa darbeleri ile devam etmekte olan ve a\u011f\u0131r (4) derecede kemik k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fur nitelikteki yaralanmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 ruhsatl\u0131 silah\u0131 ile ate\u015f etmek suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eyleminde maktulden kendisine y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, v\u00fccut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o anki hal ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re, sald\u0131r\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde defetme zorunlulu\u011funun bulundu\u011funda \u015f\u00fcphe olmamakla birlikte, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f yerinin giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde yere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015famada, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, maktule tekrar bir el daha ate\u015f etmek suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eyleminde, savunmadaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku ve tela\u015fla a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nin 27\/2 ve CMK’nin 223\/3-c maddeleri uyar\u0131nca san\u0131\u011fa ceza verilmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verilmesi yerine yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2015\/705<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2019\/59<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 05.02.2019<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Harp sanat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek ve yapmak m\u00fckellefiyeti olarak tan\u0131mlanan askerlik g\u00f6revini yakla\u015f\u0131k on ayd\u0131r olay\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi k\u0131tas\u0131nda yapmakta olan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, g\u00f6revini etkili bir bi\u00e7imde yerine getirmesi i\u00e7in kendisine verilen fiziksel, psikolojik ve ahlak\u00ee e\u011fitim ile n\u00f6bete, silah kullanmaya, s\u0131n\u0131r ihlali yapan ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerine ili\u015fkin talimatlar hilaf\u0131na hareket etmesi, elinde veya \u00fczerinde herhangi bir silah bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit olan maktul\u00fcn kendisini askerlere ihbar etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in tan\u0131k U.\u2019nun \u00fczerine do\u011fru ko\u015fmas\u0131 ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n maktule yumrukla vurarak yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi \u00fczerine yerden kalkarak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine h\u0131zla y\u00fcr\u00fcmekten ibaret eylemlerinin, san\u0131\u011fa veya kendisine y\u00f6nelik silahs\u0131z etkili eyleme kar\u015f\u0131 savunma yapabilecek fiziksel yap\u0131ya sahip 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki tan\u0131k U.\u2019ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ciddi ve haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olu\u015fturmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o andaki h\u00e2l ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetmek zorunlulu\u011fu ile hareket etmeyip haks\u0131zl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6fkeye kap\u0131larak son derece orant\u0131s\u0131z \u015fekilde tepki g\u00f6sterip t\u00fcfe\u011finin ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcng\u00fcy\u00fc maktul\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne saplayarak haks\u0131z tahrik alt\u0131nda maktul\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda me\u015fru savunma veya me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2017\/305<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2018\/669<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 20.12.2018<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eylemini me\u015fru savunma \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirip ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011finin belirlenmesine ili\u015fkindir. Ma\u011fdur ve karde\u015finin, kavgada yumruk atmak suretiyle san\u0131k ile anne ve babas\u0131n\u0131 basit t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hafif \u015fekilde yaralad\u0131klar\u0131, san\u0131k ile babas\u0131n\u0131n da yumruk atarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdikleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisi ve ailesine y\u00f6nelmi\u015f haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o anki h\u00e2l ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde defetmek yerine, av t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle iki el ate\u015f edip ma\u011fduru basit bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yaralamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma aras\u0131n da orant\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle me\u015fru savunma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2017\/841<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2017\/440<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 31.10.2017<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Her iki taraf\u0131n da yanlar\u0131na \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli silahlar\u0131 alarak olay yerinde bulu\u015fmalar\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ara\u00e7tan inerken yan\u0131na tabancas\u0131n\u0131 da almas\u0131, kavga ortam\u0131nda elindeki sopan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle birlikte tabancas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekerek babas\u0131yla kavga eden ma\u011fdura birka\u00e7 kez ate\u015f etmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u00fczerine do\u011fru bir elinde sopa, di\u011fer elinde b\u0131\u00e7akla gelmekte olan maktul\u00fc hayati olmayan b\u00f6lgelerine ate\u015f ederek bertaraf etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 varken maktul\u00fcn hayati b\u00f6lgelerini hedef almas\u0131 ve ilk at\u0131\u015fla birlikte yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp tehlikelili\u011fi ortadan kalkmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen maktule yak\u0131n mesafeden birka\u00e7 kez daha ate\u015f etmesi hususlar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme eylemini me\u015fru savunma \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011fi kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2015\/1160<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2016\/141<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 22.03.2016<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nun 49\/2. maddesindeki d\u00fczenleme; “Gerek kendisinin, gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n nefsine veya \u0131rz\u0131na vuku bulan haks\u0131z bir taarruzu filhal def\u2019i zaruretinin b\u00e2is oldu\u011fu mecburiyetle i\u015flenilen fiillerden dolay\u0131 faile ceza verilmez” \u015feklinde olup, an\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme ile\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n, ki\u015finin kendisinin veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n sadece nefsine veya \u0131rz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131larda s\u00f6z konusu olabilece\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygulamada en geni\u015f yorumla maddenin “di\u011fer ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131larda” dahi uygulanabilece\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015f ise de, mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek maksad\u0131yla i\u015flenen fiiller bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nun 25\/1. maddesinde; “Gerek kendisine ve gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi veya tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131, o anda hal ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetmek zorunlulu\u011fu ile i\u015flenen fiillerden dolay\u0131 faile ceza verilmez” \u015feklinde daha geni\u015f bir h\u00fckme yer verilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n “korunmaya de\u011fer nitelikteki herhangi bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olmas\u0131” yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

        \n

        Gerek \u00f6\u011fretide, gerekse yerle\u015fmi\u015f yarg\u0131sal kararlarda vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere; 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019nun 49\/2 ve 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019nun 25\/1. maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen ve hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden birini olu\u015fturan\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakta ve bu nedenle de eylemi su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Bir olayda\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funun kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya ve savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        \n

        Sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar:<\/p>\n

        a) Bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        b) Bu sald\u0131r\u0131 haks\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        c) Sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma ile korunabilecek bir hakka y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hakk\u0131n, ki\u015finin kendisine veya bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait olmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda fark yoktur.<\/p>\n

        d) Sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma e\u015fzamanl\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar:<\/p>\n

        a) Savunma zorunlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zorunluluk ile kastedilen husus, failin kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakk\u0131 koruyabilmesi i\u00e7in savunmadan ba\u015fka imkan\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        b) Savunma sald\u0131rana kar\u015f\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        c) Sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma aras\u0131nda oran bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Savunman\u0131n,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesinin ihlal edilmesi nedeniyle\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finin kabul edilmedi\u011fi durumlarda, “s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131” s\u00f6z konusu olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

        Me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelmi\u015f ise faile ceza verilmez” denilmektedir. Kanun maddesi ve gerek\u00e7edeki anlat\u0131m\u0131n aksine \u00f6\u011fretide kabul edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, “Ceza sorumlulu\u011funu kald\u0131ran nedenlerde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kast olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131” ibaresini “Hukuka uygunluk hallerinde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131” olarak anlamak gerekir. (\u0130zzet \u00d6zgen\u00e7, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, 9. Bas\u0131, Ankara, 2013, s. 413-425; Ersan \u015een, Yeni TCK Yorumu, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2006, C.1, s.74-77; Mahmut Koca, Yeni TCK\u2019nda Hukuka Uygunluk Nedenleri, Ceza Hukuku Dergisi, S.1, Ekim 2006, s.111 vd.; …, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmleri, 2. Bas\u0131, s.615 vd.; Haydar Metiner-Ahsen Ko\u00e7, TCK Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmleri, Ankara, 2008, C.1, s. 692 vd.) Nitekim 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 CMK\u2019nun h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fitlerini d\u00fczenleyen 223. maddesinin sistemati\u011fi de bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n

        5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019nun 27. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda, hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden sadece\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenleme \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

        Me\u015fru\u00a0savunma ile korunabilecek bir hakk\u0131n bulunmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        Sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n var olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        Savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlardan “\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ya da orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n, savunma lehine ihlal edilmesi suretiyle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcm bu \u015fartlar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fan faile CMK\u2019nun 223\/3-c maddesi uyar\u0131nca ceza verilmeyecektir. Bu durumda, ki\u015finin, maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc heyecan, korku veya tela\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olaca\u011f\u0131ndan,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kusurlu say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, belirleyici olan maruz kal\u0131nan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fiyi i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc psikolojik durumdur. Zira ki\u015fi s\u0131rf maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle, “heyecan, korku veya tela\u015fa” kap\u0131larak\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaada s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu maddeden yararlanabilecek, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisinin yan\u0131nda, sald\u0131r\u0131dan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, \u00f6fke gibi nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ayn\u0131 korumadan faydalan\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmayacakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, failin amac\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n defedilmesinden \u00e7ok, kin duygusunu tatmine y\u00f6nelik ise\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ancak haks\u0131z tahrik s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir.<\/p>\n

        Nitekim Ceza Genel Kurulunun 24.03.2015 g\u00fcn ve 815-71, 06.05.2014 g\u00fcn ve 1557-233, 05.10.2010 g\u00fcn ve 175-182 ile 31.03.2009 g\u00fcn ve 201-81 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 hususlara vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde;<\/p>\n

        Aralar\u0131ndaki husumet nedeniyle maktul\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli san\u0131\u011fa hakaret etti\u011fi ve san\u0131k ile ailesine rahats\u0131zl\u0131k verdi\u011fi, olaydan iki g\u00fcn \u00f6nce de san\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahla tehdit etti\u011fi, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc ise g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131nca alkoll\u00fc oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen maktul\u00fcn harman yerindeki dut a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda san\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik tehdit ve hakaretlerde bulundu\u011fu, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131n maktul\u00fc yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tan\u0131klar \u0130smail ve \u0130rfan’\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, tan\u0131klar\u0131n olay yerine gelmesine ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn hakaretlerine devam etti\u011fi, olaylar\u0131 evinin penceresinden izleyen san\u0131\u011f\u0131n babas\u0131na ait av t\u00fcfe\u011fini alarak olay yerine gelmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcfekle, maktul\u00fcn ise tabanca ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ate\u015f etmeleri sonucu maktul\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ise hayati tehlikeye neden olacak derecede yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Bu \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olayda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p a\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gereklidir. Maktul\u00fcn, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n evinde oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n evine yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 metre mesafedeki harman yerinden san\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik hakaret ve tehditlerde bulundu\u011fu sabit ise de, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n evine do\u011fru sald\u0131r\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 gitti\u011fine veya evinde bulunan san\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik fiili bir eylem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fine ili\u015fkin herhangi bir iddian\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu durumda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n savunmada zorunluluk bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde ve daha \u00f6nceden silah ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bilmesine ra\u011fmen evde bulunan av t\u00fcfe\u011fini alarak maktul\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yere gitmesi ve tan\u0131k \u0130rfan’\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n evden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada annesinin \u201c\u015funu tut\u201d dedi\u011fi hususundaki beyan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n makt\u00fclle kavga etmek amac\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, maktul\u00fcn sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 defedecek \u015fekilde savunma yapma mecburiyetinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani “savunman\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden bahsedilemeyece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilemez.<\/p>\n

        “Savunman\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilemeyece\u011fine g\u00f6re; bu durumda TCK’nun 27\/2. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da uygulama yeri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2015\/1039<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2016\/96<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 01.03.2016<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eylemini\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirip ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011fi, eylemini\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finin kabul\u00fc halinde ise\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131l\u0131p a\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalar\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r. 1- San\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahla yaralayan, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n darbedilmi\u015f vaziyette yerde yatmakta olan karde\u015fi ne ise silahla d\u00f6rt el ate\u015f eden makt\u00fcl\u00fcn haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bertaraf etmek maksad\u0131yla, o anki h\u00e2l ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc hareket etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmayan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, hamili bulundu\u011fu silah\u0131yla ate\u015f ederek maktul\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olma eylemini\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. 2- \u00dc\u00e7 o\u011flu ile birlikte olay yerine gelen ve o\u011fullar\u0131nda da silah bulunan makt\u00fcl taraf\u0131ndan silahla yaralanan ve darp edilmi\u015f vaziyette yerde yatan karde\u015fine makt\u00fcl taraf\u0131ndan ate\u015f edildi\u011fini g\u00f6ren san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, olay\u0131n geli\u015fimi ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme bi\u00e7imi de nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku ve tela\u015f ile a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve TCK\u2019n\u0131n 27\/2. maddesinin uygulanma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finin kabul\u00fc gerekir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2014\/572<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2015\/2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 17.02.2015<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Kat\u0131lan san\u0131k Leyla\u2019n\u0131n da H\u00fcseyin\u2019den ba\u015flayan, devam eden ve artarak devam etmesi de muhakkak olan cinsel davran\u0131\u015flar \u015feklindeki haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131, o andaki hal ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re kilerin i\u00e7indeki \u00e7uvallar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bulunan ve i\u00e7erisinde iki adet mermi olan tabancayla biti\u015fik at\u0131\u015f mesafesinden yaln\u0131zca bir kez ate\u015f etmek suretiyle defetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kat\u0131lan san\u0131k Leyla\u2019n\u0131n kendisini ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc savunmas\u0131n\u0131n imkans\u0131z oldu\u011fu, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olan ve sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiilde\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2012\/1286<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2013\/264<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 28.05.2013<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        San\u0131\u011f\u0131n cebinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile, kendisine sald\u0131ran ma\u011fduru yaralamaya y\u00f6nelik olarak hayati b\u00f6lgeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6rne\u011fin bacaklar\u0131na do\u011fru vurarak sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defetmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn iken ma\u011fdurun g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru rastgele \u00e7ak\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sallamas\u0131 sonucu ma\u011fduru g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs bo\u015flu\u011funa nafiz ve akci\u011fer yaralanmas\u0131 olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde yaralamas\u0131 eyleminde, sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunmaya ili\u015fkin di\u011fer \u015fartlar\u0131n bulundu\u011funda \u015f\u00fcphe bulunmamakta ise de, “ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen savunman\u0131n, maruz kal\u0131nan tecav\u00fcz\u00fc defedecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131” yani “sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma aras\u0131nda oran bulunmas\u0131” \u015fart\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011finden,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilemez. Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla, savunma ile sald\u0131r\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki denge savunma lehine bozulmu\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ya da orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi ihlal edilmi\u015ftir. Savunman\u0131n, me\u015fru savunma \u015fartlar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesinin ihlal edilmesi nedeniyle me\u015fru savunman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finin kabul edilemeyece\u011fine g\u00f6re bu durumda, TCK’nun 27. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen “s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131”n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olup olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ma\u011fdurun g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru \u00e7ak\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rastgele sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kastla a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, maddenin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n olayda uygulanma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan sadece me\u015fru savunmaya ili\u015fkin olarak kabul edilen ve an\u0131lan maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelen nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n olayda uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olup olamayaca\u011f\u0131na gelince; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n aralar\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayal\u0131 husumet bulunan ma\u011fdurun kendisine sald\u0131rarak yere yat\u0131rmas\u0131, vurmaya ve bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, ma\u011fdurun karde\u015fi Burak’\u0131n da ayaklar\u0131ndan tutmas\u0131 nedeniyle t\u00fcm \u00e7abas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ellerinden kurtulamamas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, me\u015fru savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku ve tela\u015f ile a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc zorunludur. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n, maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc psikolojik hal nedeniyle heyecanlanmas\u0131, pani\u011fe kap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve hatta korkmas\u0131, bunun sonucunda da me\u015fru savunma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda beklenebilecek bir durum olup, somut olayda TCK’nun 27. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n uygulanma \u015fartlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \n\u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2003\/19105<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2005\/14807<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 06.07.2005<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaadan s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n gerek kendisinin gerekse ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n nefsine haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n defedilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir yol bulunmamas\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunman\u0131n e\u015fit \u015fartlarda olmas\u0131 ve bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fart\u0131n bir arada bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu, olay\u0131m\u0131zda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarlas\u0131nda hayvan otlatan ma\u011fdurun karde\u015finin, san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fclmesi nedeniyle san\u0131k ile ma\u011fdur aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan kavga s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u011fdur ile san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak birbirlerine m\u00fcessir fiilde bulunduklar\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olayda\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeden yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesisi,<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nOND\u00d6RD\u00dcNC\u00dc CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2016\/6594<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2017\/45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 10.01.2017<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re, kat\u0131lan san\u0131k …’in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi hakaret ve kasten yaralama su\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle polisi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran di\u011fer kat\u0131lan san\u0131k …’n\u0131n, polisin gelmesine kadar Sibel’in i\u015fyerinden gitmesine engel olmak amac\u0131yla kap\u0131y\u0131 kilitlemesi \u00fczerine Sibel’in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in kilitli kap\u0131n\u0131n cam\u0131na tekme atarak k\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, mevcut haliyle olayda\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nazara al\u0131narak Sibel’in mala zarar verme su\u00e7undan mahk\u00fbmiyeti yerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde ceza verilmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verilmesi,<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nONSEK\u0130Z\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2019\/9982<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2020\/8258<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 29.06.2020<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Olu\u015fa ve t\u00fcm dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re, su\u00e7 tarihinde taraflar aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kavgaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu san\u0131klar … ve …’in birbirlerini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak adli raporlar\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi \u015fekilde yaralad\u0131klar\u0131 olayda; her ne kadar … savunmas\u0131nda; … ile temyiz d\u0131\u015f\u0131 san\u0131klar … ve … taraf\u0131ndan darp edildi\u011fini belirterek kendisinin darp eyleminde bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015f ise de; olay\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n taraflarca farkl\u0131 anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re ilk haks\u0131z hareketin kimden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131k …’un eylemi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’n\u0131n 25. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeden, TCK’n\u0131n 29. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 hususu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larak, at\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7tan mahkumiyetine karar verilmesi gerekirken, yasal ve yerinde olmayan gerek\u00e7e ile beraatine karar verilmesi, san\u0131k … hakk\u0131nda TCK’n\u0131n 29. maddesinde yer alan haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da karar yerinde tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nB\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 CEZA DA\u0130RES\u0130<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2022\/4753<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2022\/5317<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 20.06.2022<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Me\u015fru savunma, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 25 inci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda;<\/p>\n

        \u201cGerek kendisine ve gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi veya tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o anda hal ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetmek zorunlulu\u011fu ile i\u015flenen fiillerden dolay\u0131 faile ceza verilmez.\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u015eeklinde bir hukuka uygunluk nedeni olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Bahse konu h\u00fck\u00fcm gere\u011fi me\u015fru savunma kurumunun uygulanabilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, korunmaya de\u011fer nitelikteki herhangi bir hakka y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yeterlidir. (5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 25 inci maddesinin gerek\u00e7esi: \u201cBir kere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakka y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunman\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece kurumun, bazen anlams\u0131z ve sosyal gereklere ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek derecede dar tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi istenilmi\u015ftir. … Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fu husus da belirtilmelidir ki, ki\u015fileri su\u00e7 i\u015flemekten cayd\u0131racak en etkin ara\u00e7lardan birisi, su\u00e7 i\u015flediklerinde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6rebilecekleri endi\u015fesi oldu\u011fundan, me\u015fru savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylece geni\u015fletilmesi, kriminolojik y\u00f6nden cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki de yapabilecektir.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n

        \u00d6\u011fretide; \u201cBir kimsenin, kendisini veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan bir tecav\u00fcz, sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, savunma amac\u0131na matuf olarak ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 defedecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kuvvet kullanmas\u0131\u201d (\u0130zzet \u00d6zgen\u00e7, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu Gazi \u015eerhi, 3. Bas\u0131, …, 2006, s.364.); \u201cBir kimsenin kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen a\u011f\u0131r ve haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi zorunlu tepki\u201d (Kay\u0131han \u0130\u00e7el, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, \u0130stanbul, 2014, s.307.); \u201cKi\u015filerin sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri kendini veya di\u011fer bir insan\u0131 koruma i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcnden kaynaklanan do\u011fal tepkinin hukuken me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi\u201d (… Ya\u015far, … Tahsin G\u00f6kcan, … Artu\u00e7, Yorumlu Uygulamal\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, 2. Bas\u0131, …, 2014, s.697.) \u015feklinde ve 765 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu kararlar\u0131nda; \u201cBir kimsenin a\u011f\u0131r ve haks\u0131z bir tecav\u00fcz\u00fc kendisinden veya ba\u015fkas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi zorunlu tepki\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan me\u015fru savunma; bir kimsenin, gerek kendisine gerek ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakk\u0131 hedef alan, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ya da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi veya tekrar\u0131 muhakkak olan haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131 ile e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak h\u00e2l ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, kendisinden veya ba\u015fkas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak mecburiyetiyle sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunan ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi ve hukuk d\u00fczenince me\u015fru kabul edilen fiillerdir.<\/p>\n

        Gerek \u00f6\u011fretide gerekse yarg\u0131sal kararlarda vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere;<\/p>\n

        5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 25 inci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden birini olu\u015fturan me\u015fru savunma, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakta ve bu nedenle eylemi su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Bir olayda me\u015fru savunman\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funun kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya ve savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

        a) Sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar:<\/p>\n

        i) Bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        ii) Bu sald\u0131r\u0131 haks\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        iii) Sald\u0131r\u0131 me\u015fru savunma ile korunabilecek bir hakka y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hakk\u0131n, ki\u015finin kendisine veya bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait olmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda fark yoktur.<\/p>\n

        iv) Sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma e\u015f zamanl\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        b) Savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar:<\/p>\n

        i) Savunma zorunlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Zorunluluk\u00a0ile kastedilen husus, failin kendisine veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait bir hakk\u0131 koruyabilmesi i\u00e7in savunmadan ba\u015fka imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        ii) Savunma sald\u0131rana kar\u015f\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        iii) Sald\u0131r\u0131 ile savunma aras\u0131nda oran bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Olay\u0131n me\u015fru savunma i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda savunmaya ili\u015fkin de \u015fartlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Savunmada zorunluluk bulunsa da savunman\u0131n sald\u0131n ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k belirlenirken sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yer ve zaman\u0131, sald\u0131ran ki\u015finin o anki durumu savunmada bulunan buna uygun bir tepki verip vermedi\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

        Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar kapsam\u0131nda somut olay irdelendi\u011finde; su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun eylemini, kat\u0131lan taraf\u0131ndan kafas\u0131na \u015fi\u015fe ile vurulmak suretiyle basit \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun, maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kat\u0131lana ele ge\u00e7irilemeyen b\u0131\u00e7akla 3-4 kez hamle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sol uyluk b\u00f6lgesine isabet eden b\u0131\u00e7ak darbesi ile kat\u0131lan\u0131n basit bir t\u0131bb\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ile giderilemez \u015fekilde yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmakla, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 25 inci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda me\u015fru savunma i\u00e7in aranan, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fulunun olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Mahkemece su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk hakk\u0131nda kurulan h\u00fck\u00fcmde 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 29 uncu maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca haks\u0131z tahrik indiriminin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmekle, me\u015fru savunma h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmamas\u0131nda hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2017\/11<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2018\/639<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 13.12.2018<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Ki\u015finin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmekte olan bir su\u00e7la ilgili olarak, bir daha kan\u0131t elde etme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yetkili makamlara ba\u015fvurma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ani geli\u015fen durumlarda kar\u015f\u0131 tarafla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmalar\u0131 kayda almas\u0131 h\u00e2linin hukuka uygun oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc zorunludur. Aksi takdirde kan\u0131tlar\u0131n kaybolmas\u0131 ve bir daha elde edilememesi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

        \u00d6\u011fretide, \u201cMe\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilecek, \u00f6rne\u011fin hakaret, tehdit veya \u015fantaj su\u00e7lar\u0131na muhatap olan ve o an konu\u015fmalar\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alan ma\u011fdurun elde etti\u011fi bu delil hukuka uygun say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\u201d (Ersan \u015een, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda Telefon Dinleme, Gizli Soru\u015fturmac\u0131, X Muhbir, 2. Bask\u0131, s. 74), \u201c\u2026 \u2018Kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alma\u2019 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, \u2018Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 takip organlar\u0131na verme\u2019 ise tekrar\u0131 muhakkak bir haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yani her ikisi de me\u015frudur. Netice olarak,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hareket etti\u011finden, \u00fczerinde durulan sorunda ma\u011fdurun eyleminin haberle\u015fmenin gizlili\u011fini ihlal veya ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki konu\u015fmalar\u0131n kayda al\u0131nmas\u0131 ya da benzeri ba\u015fka bir su\u00e7a v\u00fccut vermedi\u011fi gibi, yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n da hukuka uygun olarak ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan pek\u00e2l\u00e2 delil olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.\u201d (Ali \u0130hsan Erda\u011f, TBB Dergisi, 2011(92), s. 54) \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2018\/291<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2018\/380<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 27.09.2018<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k; san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda TCK\u2019n\u0131n 27\/2. maddesinin uygulanma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesine ili\u015fkindir. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n, maktul taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak tehdit edildikten sonra hen\u00fcz v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelmi\u015f haks\u0131z bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn silahla d\u00f6nmesi ihtimaline binaen garaj\u0131n yan\u0131nda park h\u00e2linde duran trakt\u00f6r\u00fcnden av t\u00fcfe\u011fini al\u0131p at\u0131\u015fa haz\u0131r h\u00e2le getirerek beklemeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce kolonun arkas\u0131na ge\u00e7ip siper almas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nce havaya sonra maktul\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mahiyetteki hayati b\u00f6lgesine ate\u015f etmesi ve etkisiz h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in art\u0131k sald\u0131r\u0131 imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmayan maktul\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne t\u00fcfe\u011finin dip\u00e7i\u011fiyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da vurmas\u0131 hususlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, do\u011frudan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fam hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniy le, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o andaki h\u00e2l ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetmek zorunlulu\u011fu ile hareket etmeyip haks\u0131zl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6fkeye kap\u0131larak maktul\u00fc do\u011frudan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla ate\u015f etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunma veya\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0savunmada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin haks\u0131z tahrik alt\u0131nda kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

        T.C.<\/span>
        \nYARGITAY<\/span>
        \nCEZA GENEL KURULU<\/span><\/center><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Esas<\/span><\/td>\n: 2013\/60<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Karar<\/span><\/td>\n: 2013\/603<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tarih<\/span><\/td>\n: 10.12.2013<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun sisteminde; “me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa, hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, kanunun emrini ifa ve ilgilinin r\u0131zas\u0131” \u015feklinde ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00f6rt hukuka uygunluk nedenine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden birinin bulunmas\u0131, eylemin su\u00e7 olmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyece\u011finden, fail hakk\u0131nda beraat karar\u0131 verilmesi gerekecektir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k “s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131” bir hukuka uygunluk nedeni de\u011fil, 27. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131ndaki hal itibar\u0131yla kusurlulu\u011fu azaltan, ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131ndaki durum itibar\u0131yla ise kusurlulu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131ran nedenlerden birisidir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinde s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n kast olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda “beraat” de\u011fil, 27. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re indirimli ceza veya ikinci f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca “ceza verilmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na” karar verilmelidir. Bu husus, 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 223. maddesinden de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        <\/div>\n
        \u00d6z\u00fc itibariyle\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa, kendisi veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n bir hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olan ve devam eden bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n derhal def edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, failin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi fiillerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.\u00a0Me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0halinde, mutlaka bir sald\u0131r\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n da ki\u015finin hukuken korunmaya de\u011fer bir hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0m\u00fcessesesinin, “haks\u0131z tahrik” halini de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, haks\u0131z tahrikte yer alan “haks\u0131zl\u0131k unsuru”\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131ndan olan “sald\u0131r\u0131”da da vard\u0131r.<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n
        Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaada bulunan ki\u015finin eylemi, sald\u0131rgan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan haks\u0131z tahrik olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Zira hukuk d\u00fczenini ilk ihlal eden sald\u0131rgan\u0131n kendisidir.\u00a0Me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n\u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131\u00a0kalkt\u0131ktan sonra i\u015flenen bir fiil s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ise; \u00f6rne\u011fin, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n elindeki silah\u0131 at\u0131p olay yerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, failin sald\u0131rgan\u0131 yaralamas\u0131 halinde, ortada devam eden bir sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0s\u00f6zkonusu olmaz; bu halde sonland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ilk sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunan ki\u015finin bu hareketi nedeniyle ancak haks\u0131z tahrik h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanabilir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda fail, kendisini korumak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, sona ermi\u015f olan sald\u0131r\u0131dan duydu\u011fu hiddet veya \u015fiddetli elemin etkisiyle hareket etmi\u015f ve bir tepki neticesinde su\u00e7u i\u015flemi\u015ftir. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 13.02.1984 g\u00fcn ve 305-61 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda bu husus; “yasal savunma ko\u015fullar\u0131 kalkt\u0131ktan sonra su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda TCY’n\u0131n 50 de\u011fil, 51\/1. maddesinin uygulanmas\u0131 gerekir” \u015feklinde vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda hakim, sona ermi\u015f bulunan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fini de\u011ferlendirerek olayda haks\u0131z tahrik indirimi yapabilecektir.<\/div>\n
        \n

        \u00d6te yandan 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanununun 27\/2. maddesinin uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

        1-\u00a0Me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0ile korunabilecek bir hakk\u0131n bulunmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        2- Sald\u0131r\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131n var olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        3- Savunmaya ili\u015fkin \u015fartlardan “\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck” \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n, savunma lehine ihlal edilmek suretiyle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

        4- “S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131”n\u0131n mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir heyecan, korku veya tela\u015ftan ileri gelmesi,<\/p>\n

        Gerekmekte olup, t\u00fcm bu \u015fartlar\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fan faile ceza verilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

        Bu durumda; ki\u015finin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 nedeniyle i\u00e7erisine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korku, tela\u015f ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k dolay\u0131s\u0131yla davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olaca\u011f\u0131ndan,\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kusurlu say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla burada belirleyici olan, maruz kal\u0131nan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fiyi i\u00e7erisine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc psikolojik durumdur. Zira ki\u015fi, s\u0131rf maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda, “heyecan, korku ve pani\u011fe” kap\u0131larak\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu maddeden yararlanabilecek, buna kar\u015f\u0131n; s\u0131rf sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle de\u011fil de, sald\u0131r\u0131dan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olsa dahi \u00f6fke ve gazap gibi nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ayn\u0131 korumadan faydalanamayacakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda failin o anda i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu ruh halini adil bir tarzda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gerekmektedir. Yani failin niyeti, fiilin icra tarz\u0131na ve ruh haline g\u00f6re ciddi bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n defedilmesinden ziyade, kin duygusunu tatmine y\u00f6nelik ise\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fma de\u011fil, ancak haks\u0131z tahrik s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir.<\/p>\n

        Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda somut olay de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde;<\/p>\n

        San\u0131k savunmas\u0131, tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcvenlik kameras\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine g\u00f6re; olay\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan d\u00fckkan\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde meydana geldi\u011fi, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6ncesinde kendisini telefonla tehdit eden, d\u00fckkan\u0131na gelerek tehditlerini yineleyen, bir s\u00fcre sonra bu kez ye\u011feni ile birlikte ellerinde ucu topuz \u015feklindeki sopalarla gelen, kendisinden fiziki olarak daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131daki maktul ile ye\u011feninin sald\u0131r\u0131 ve savunmada kullan\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla imal edilmi\u015f sopal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendisini savunabilmek amac\u0131yla eline ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sopa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra kafas\u0131nda d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 yerde k\u0131r\u0131k olu\u015facak \u015fekilde yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131, hareket kabiliyeti olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bulunan bir yere s\u0131rt \u00fcst\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131larak sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n devam ettirildi\u011fi, ancak bu a\u015famadan sonra elinde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hen\u00fcz kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silah\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n mesafeden hedef g\u00f6zetme imkan\u0131 bulunmadan ate\u015fledi\u011fi ve maktul\u00fc biri hayati tehlike olu\u015fturacak, di\u011feri ise basit t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilecek \u015fekilde yaralad\u0131\u011f\u0131, maktul ile ye\u011feninin bu at\u0131\u015flardan sonra dahi san\u0131\u011fa vurmaya devam ettikleri, av t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle maktule ate\u015f etmesi \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na son vermek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131, ilk haks\u0131z hareketin maktulden kaynaklanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan, devam eden ve artarak devam etmesi de muhakkak olan haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131, o andaki hal ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re \u00f6nce maktul ve ye\u011feninin sald\u0131r\u0131da kulland\u0131klar\u0131 sopalar\u0131n benzeri olan bir sopayla, sopan\u0131n elinden al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ise, i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da mermi bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tabancayla yaln\u0131zca yak\u0131n mesafeden ve hedef g\u00f6zetme imkan\u0131 olmadan iki kez ate\u015f etmek suretiyle defetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisini ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc savunmas\u0131n\u0131n imkans\u0131z oldu\u011fu, sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olan ve sald\u0131rgana kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiilinde\u00a0me\u015fru\u00a0m\u00fcdafaa\u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

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        1. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan ve haklar\u0131nda h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7undan da yarg\u0131lanan kat\u0131lan ve arkada\u015f\u0131 \u2026\u2018in olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6revli polis memurlar\u0131n\u0131n dur ihtar\u0131na uymayarak ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131, silah kullanma konusunda e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f bulunan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ka\u00e7an failleri yakalamak amac\u0131yla i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 arac\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in tekerlerine ate\u015f etme imkan\u0131 bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kendisinin de yaralanmas\u0131 sebebiyle heyecanlanarak me\u015fru savunma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kas\u0131t olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015farak arac\u0131n i\u00e7ine do\u011fru ate\u015f etti\u011fi ve kat\u0131lan\u0131 yaralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, 27\/1. maddesi delaletiyle 89\/1-3, 62. maddelerine g\u00f6re cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine delillerin takdirinde yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek, olas\u0131 kas\u0131tla yaralama su\u00e7undan yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi – Karar: 2016\/19864).<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Maktul olaydan \u00f6nce san\u0131\u011fa \u201cortal\u0131ktan kaybolma bu gece senin mezar\u0131n\u0131 kazaca\u011f\u0131m, seni \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fim\u201d \u015feklinde beyanda bulunmu\u015f, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc de silahla failin lokantas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gelerek faile silah do\u011frultmu\u015ftur. Fail ise silah\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekerek maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. San\u0131k, kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhakkak olan haks\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 o andaki durum ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re sald\u0131r\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde defetti\u011finden, <\/span>me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa<\/em>\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmleri gere\u011fi san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kasten adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7undan beraatine karar verilmelidir <\/span>(Yarg\u0131tay 1. Ceza Dairesi \u2013 Esas No: 2014\/2272, Karar No: 2014\/3418, Tarih: 09.06.2014).<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
        3. \n
          Maktul ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, san\u0131\u011fa ait i\u015fyerinden mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, mallar\u0131 arabaya y\u00fcklemi\u015f, bunu g\u00f6ren san\u0131k da \u00e7al\u0131nan mallar\u0131 kurtarmak amac\u0131yla maktule ate\u015f etmi\u015f ve maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Olayda mallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in hareket eden ve kasten adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen san\u0131k me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden yararlanmal\u0131d\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 1. Ceza Dairesi \u2013 Esas No: 2013\/2791, Karar No: 2013\/5664, Tarih: 10.10.2013).<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
        4. \n
          Marka tabancan\u0131n 6136 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa kapsam\u0131nda bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ancak, ebat, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ve mekanik yap\u0131s\u0131 ile ate\u015fli bir silah g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde oldu\u011funun, silah\u0131 tan\u0131yan birinin dahi eline al\u0131p incelemeden ilk bak\u0131\u015fta ate\u015fli bir silahtan ay\u0131rt etmesinin zor oldu\u011fu ve i\u011ffal kabiliyeti bulundu\u011funun tespit edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmakla; elinde kurus\u0131k\u0131 tabanca bulunan ki\u015fiye tabanca ile ate\u015f etmek suretiyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek bi\u00e7iminde geli\u015fen eylemde, me\u015fru savunman\u0131n \u201corant\u0131\u201d ko\u015fulunun olu\u015ftu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemezse de, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK.n\u0131n 30\/3. Maddesi uyar\u0131nca, ceza sorumlulu\u011funu kald\u0131ran nedenlerden olan \u201chukuka uygunluk nedenlerinden olan me\u015fru savunma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d hususunda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir hataya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lan san\u0131k \u2026\u2018n\u0131n, bu hatas\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131 gerekece\u011finden, san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK.n\u0131n 30\/3. maddesi yollamas\u0131yla TCK.n\u0131n 25\/1 ve CMK\u2019n\u0131n 223\/3-c maddesi gere\u011fince beraat\u0131na karar verilmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeksizin do\u011frudan TCK.nun 25\/1. maddesi uyar\u0131nca h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 sonu\u00e7 karar do\u011fru bulundu\u011fundan bozma nedeni yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 1. Ceza Dairesi – Karar : 2014\/2676).<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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